2. Maryland 1788 House of Delegates, Baltimore
3. North Carolina 1792 U.S. Senate, Ballot 2
4. North Carolina 1790 U.S. House of Representatives, District 2
5. Maryland 1788 Constitutional Convention, Washington County
6. North Carolina 1790 U.S. House of Representatives, District 4
7. Connecticut 1810 Lieutenant Governor
8. Rhode Island 1790 Assistant
9. Maryland 1792 U.S. House of Representatives, District 3
10. Maryland 1788 Constitutional Convention, Baltimore
11. Virginia 1788 Constitutional Convention, Fauquier County
12. Maryland 1792 U.S. House of Representatives, District 5
13. North Carolina 1791 U.S. House of Representatives, District 2
14. Maryland 1792 U.S. House of Representatives, District 2
15. Maryland 1788 Constitutional Convention, Anne Arundel County
16. New Hampshire 1789 Governor
17. North Carolina 1790 U.S. House of Representatives, District 1
18. Virginia 1788 U.S. Senate
19. Maryland 1792 U.S. House of Representatives, District 6
20. North Carolina 1791 U.S. House of Representatives, District 3
21. Maryland 1789 Electoral College, Eastern Shore
22. Maryland 1789 U.S. House of Representatives
23. New Hampshire 1790 Governor
24. North Carolina 1791 U.S. House of Representatives, District 5
25. Maryland 1789 Electoral College, Western Shore
26. Rhode Island 1790 Attorney General
27. North Carolina 1791 U.S. House of Representatives, District 1
28. Virginia 1790 U.S. House of Representatives, District 9, Special
29. North Carolina 1790 U.S. House of Representatives, District 3
30. Maryland 1788 Constitutional Convention, Montgomery County
31. Maryland 1788 Constitutional Convention, Harford County
32. New York 1788 Assembly, Westchester County
33. Pennsylvania 1789 Electoral College
34. New York 1790 U.S. House of Representatives, District 1
35. New Hampshire 1788 U.S. Senate, Ballot 2
36. New York 1788 Assembly, Queens County
37. New York 1788 Constitutional Convention, Ulster County
38. New York 1790 U.S. House of Representatives, District 2
39. Delaware 1792 U.S. House of Representatives
40. New York 1789 U.S. House of Representatives, District 1
41. New York 1788 Constitutional Convention, Columbia County
42. New York 1788 Constitutional Convention, Queens County
43. New York 1789 Governor
44. New York 1788 Constitutional Convention, Dutchess County
45. New Hampshire 1788 President
46. New York 1788 Continental Congress
47. Massachusetts 1789 State Senate, Middlesex County
48. Maryland 1792 U.S. House of Representatives, District 7
49. New York 1790 U.S. House of Representatives, District 3
50. New York 1788 Constitutional Convention, Albany County
51. New York 1788 Constitutional Convention, Montgomery County
52. New York 1789 U.S. House of Representatives, District 3
53. New York 1788 Constitutional Convention, Orange County
54. New York 1788 State Senate, Southern District
55. New York 1788 Assembly, Albany County
56. New York 1789 U.S. House of Representatives, District 5
57. New York 1789 U.S. House of Representatives, District 4
58. New York 1788 Assembly, Orange County
59. Pennsylvania 1787 Constitutional Convention, Philadelphia City
60. Massachusetts 1788 U.S. House of Representatives, District 7
61. Massachusetts 1789 U.S. House of Representatives, District 3, Ballot 2
62. Massachusetts 1789 U.S. House of Representatives, District 4, Ballot 4
63. Massachusetts 1788 U.S. House of Representatives, District 4
64. New York 1789 Assembly, Albany County
65. New York 1788 Assembly, Columbia County
66. New York 1790 U.S. House of Representatives, District 4
67. Massachusetts 1788 Lieutenant Governor
68. Massachusetts 1788 U.S. House of Representatives, District 2
69. Massachusetts 1789 U.S. House of Representatives, District 4, Ballot 5
70. Massachusetts 1788 Electoral College, Suffolk District
71. Massachusetts 1789 U.S. House of Representatives, District 4, Ballot 3
72. Massachusetts 1788 U.S. House of Representatives, District 1
73. Massachusetts 1788 Governor
74. New York 1789 U.S. House of Representatives, District 6
75. New York 1788 Constitutional Convention, New York County
76. Pennsylvania 1788 U.S. House of Representatives
77. New York 1789 U.S. House of Representatives, District 2
78. New York 1791 U.S. House of Representatives, District 1, Special
79. Virginia 1788 Constitutional Convention, Orange County
80. New York 1788 Continental Congress
81. New York 1790 U.S. House of Representatives, District 6
82. Massachusetts 1789 State Senate, Worcester County
83. Massachusetts 1788 State Senate, Essex County
84. New Hampshire 1790 President, Ballot 2
85. Massachusetts 1788 State Senate, Middlesex County
86. Delaware 1792 Governor
87. New York 1790 U.S. House of Representatives, District 5
88. Georgia 1791 U.S. House of Representatives, Southern District
89. Georgia 1791 U.S. House of Representatives, Middle District
90. Georgia 1791 U.S. House of Representatives, Northern District
Anti-Federalist
The Anti-Federalists were never a political party as is thought of in modern times. It was a coalesced group of voting interests that were united in their opposition to the Constitution.
"The Antifederal objections to the Constitution fall into four categories. First, some attacked it for violations of the Whig theory. Such criticisms came particularly from merchants, lawyers and large landowners who believed in Whig ideology themselves, and represented a sort of right wing, non-agrarian Antifederalism. Second, almost all of the new plan's opponents accused it of excessive centralization: these were the localists. Third, some critics attacked the Constitution as leading toward monarchy or aristocracy rather than democracy: these comprised the left wing. Finally, the agrarians feared that the commerical, creditor, or large propertied interests would benefit at the expense of the farmers." (Jackson T. Main, History of U.S. Political Parties Volume I: 1789-1860: From Factions to Parties. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed. New York, 1973, Chelsea House Publisher. p. 153.)
"Strictly speaking, Antifederalism ended with the ratification of the Constitution in 1788, without ever producing a party in any modern sense. During the next few years the term continued as a word of opprobrium, employed by the Federalists to demean whoever opposed the men or policies of the new government. In some states, opposition nearly ceased. In others, however, former Antifederalists remained strong and even gained ground, especially where they had developed a local political organization: they composed a majority or a strong minority in such states as New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and North Carolina, and appeared elsewhere for the first time, as in New Jersey. Although they still lacked an inter-state organization and suffered a serious loss of strength during the election of 1788-1789, bitterly fought in certain areas. Presently, in Congress, they supported amendments and opposed various policies of the Federalists. The close relationship between the Anti-Federalists and the Jeffersonian Republicans may be traced through a continuity both of men and ideas. At least seven-eighths of those known to have opposed the Constitution in 1787-1788 became Republicans." (Main, p. 166)
"Despite the intensity of Anti-Federalist opposition to the Constitution, no Anti-Constitution party emerged after ratification. With the demise of the second-convention movement, Anti-Federalists turned their attention to seeking office under the new government. Federalist efforts to discredit Anti-Federalists turned their attention to seeking office under the new government. Federalist efforts to discredit Anti-Federalists only diminshed the likelihood of a distinctive Anti-Federalist party's emerging. Instead, Anti-Federalists set about becoming a loyal opposition. A number of other factors facilitated this transformation. The rapid adoption of the Bill of Rights, even if it failed to satisfy many Anti-Federalists, deprived them of an important rallying point. Reverence for the principles of constitutionalism and a belief that, when properly amended, the new frame of government would effectively protect liberty further weakened the chances of an Anti-Federal's party forming. The respect accorded George Washington, the new president, also worked against continued opposition. When coupled with renewed econimic prosperity, all of those factors helped promote the formal demise of Anti-Federalism. Yet, though Anti-Federalism did not generate an Anti-Constitution party, the term 'Anti-Federalist,' the various texts produced by the Anti-Federalists during ratification, and the alternative constitutional discourses that shaped Anti-Federalism did not simply disappear. The emergence of a court faction among Federalists caused many former supporters of the Constitution to rehtink the original Anti-Federalist critique. The efforts of former Federalists, most notable James Madison, and former Anti-Federalists, such as William Findley, were crucial to the creation of a Democratic-Republican opposition. That loyal opposition drew important ideas and rhetorical themes from Anti-Federalism and adapted them to the exigencies of political conflict in the 1790s." (p. 170-171)
Additional Sources:
- History of U.S. Political Parties Volume I: 1789-1860: From Factions to Parties. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed. New York, 1973, Chelsea House Publisher.
- The Other Founders: Anti-Federalism and the Dissenting Tradition in America, 1788-1828. Saul Cornell. Chapel Hill, 1999, University of North Carolina Press.