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2. Pennsylvania 1790 Speaker of the House
3. Pennsylvania 1795 Speaker of the House
4. North Carolina 1800 Speaker of the House, Ballot 2
5. Kentucky 1801 Speaker of the House
6. Connecticut 1802 Speaker of the House
7. Connecticut 1802 Speaker of the House, Ballot 2
8. Connecticut 1802 Speaker of the House, Ballot 3
9. Massachusetts 1802 Speaker of the House
10. Massachusetts 1802 Speaker of the House, Ballot 2
11. New Hampshire 1802 Speaker of the House
12. Massachusetts 1803 Speaker of the House
13. New Hampshire 1803 Speaker of the House
14. Massachusetts 1804 Speaker of the House
15. New Hampshire 1804 Speaker of the House
16. Massachusetts 1805 Speaker of the House
17. Vermont 1805 Speaker of the House
18. Massachusetts 1806 Speaker of the House
19. Massachusetts 1807 Speaker of the House
20. Pennsylvania 1807 Speaker of the House
21. Maryland 1808 Speaker of the House
22. Massachusetts 1808 Speaker of the House
23. New Hampshire 1808 Speaker of the House
24. Massachusetts 1809 Speaker of the House
25. New Hampshire 1809 Speaker of the House
26. North Carolina 1809 Speaker of the House
27. Massachusetts 1810 Speaker of the House
28. New Hampshire 1810 Speaker of the House
29. Rhode Island 1810 Speaker of the House
30. Rhode Island 1810 Speaker of the House
31. Massachusetts 1811 Speaker of the House
32. Massachusetts 1811 Speaker of the House
33. New Hampshire 1811 Speaker of the House
34. Massachusetts 1812 Speaker of the House
35. Massachusetts 1812 Speaker of the House, Special
36. New Hampshire 1812 Speaker of the House
37. North Carolina 1812 Speaker of the House
38. Vermont 1812 Speaker of the House
39. Massachusetts 1813 Speaker of the House
40. New Hampshire 1813 Speaker of the House
41. Vermont 1813 Speaker of the House
42. Vermont 1813 Speaker of the House Pro Tempore
43. Massachusetts 1814 Speaker of the House
44. New Hampshire 1814 Speaker of the House
45. Vermont 1814 Speaker of the House
46. Massachusetts 1815 Speaker of the House
47. New Hampshire 1815 Speaker of the House
48. Vermont 1815 Speaker of the House
49. Massachusetts 1816 Speaker of the House
50. New Hampshire 1816 Speaker of the House
51. Pennsylvania 1816 Speaker of the House
52. Connecticut 1817 Speaker of the House
53. Kentucky 1817 Speaker of the House
54. Maryland 1817 Speaker of the House
55. Massachusetts 1817 Speaker of the House
56. New Hampshire 1817 Speaker of the House
57. Pennsylvania 1817 Speaker of the House
58. Massachusetts 1818 Speaker of the House
59. New Hampshire 1818 Speaker of the House
60. Rhode Island 1818 Speaker of the House
61. Connecticut 1819 Speaker of the House
62. Massachusetts 1819 Speaker of the House
63. Pennsylvania 1819 Speaker of the House
64. 1820 Speaker of the House, Ballot 10, Special
65. 1820 Speaker of the House, Ballot 11, Special
66. 1820 Speaker of the House, Ballot 12, Special
67. 1820 Speaker of the House, Ballot 14, Special
68. 1820 Speaker of the House, Ballot 15, Special
69. 1820 Speaker of the House, Ballot 16, Special
70. 1820 Speaker of the House, Ballot 17, Special
71. 1820 Speaker of the House, Ballot 18, Special
72. 1820 Speaker of the House, Ballot 19, Special
73. 1820 Speaker of the House, Ballot 2, Special
74. 1820 Speaker of the House, Ballot 20, Special
75. 1820 Speaker of the House, Ballot 21, Special
76. 1820 Speaker of the House, Ballot 22, Special
77. 1820 Speaker of the House, Ballot 3, Special
78. 1820 Speaker of the House, Ballot 4, Special
79. 1820 Speaker of the House, Ballot 5, Special
80. 1820 Speaker of the House, Ballot 6, Special
81. 1820 Speaker of the House, Ballot 7, Special
82. 1820 Speaker of the House, Ballot 8, Special
83. 1820 Speaker of the House, Ballot 9, Special
84. 1820 Speaker of the House, Special
85. Massachusetts 1820 Speaker of the House
86. Pennsylvania 1820 Speaker of the House, Ballot 1
87. Pennsylvania 1820 Speaker of the House, Ballot 2
88. Pennsylvania 1820 Speaker of the House, Ballot 3
89. Pennsylvania 1820 Speaker of the House, Ballot 4
90. Pennsylvania 1820 Speaker of the House, Ballot 5
91. Pennsylvania 1820 Speaker of the House, Ballot 6
92. Pennsylvania 1820 Speaker of the House, Ballot 7
93. Pennsylvania 1820 Speaker of the House, Ballot 8
94. Pennsylvania 1820 Speaker of the House, Ballot 9
95. Massachusetts 1821 Speaker of the House
96. Massachusetts 1821 Speaker of the House
97. Massachusetts 1821 Speaker of the House, Ballot 2
98. Massachusetts 1821 Speaker of the House, Ballot 3
99. Pennsylvania 1822 Speaker of the House
100. Massachusetts 1823 Speaker of the House
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Federalist
The Federalist Party
The Federalist Party was dominated by a man who never actually ran for public office in the United States - Alexander Hamilton. "Alexander Hamilton was, writes Marcus Cunliffe, 'the executive head with the most urgent program to implement, with the sharpest ideas of what he meant to do and with the boldest desire to shape the national government accordingly.' In less than two years he presented three reports, defining a federal economic program which forced a major debate not only on the details of the program but on the purpose for which the union has been formed. Hamilton's own sense of purpose was clear; he would count the revolution for independence a success only if it were followed by the creation of a prosperous commerical nation, comparable, perhaps even competitive, in power and in energy, with its European counterparts." (fn: Marcus Cunliffe, The Nation Takes Shape, 1789-1837, (Chicago, 1959), 23.) (Linda K. Kerber, History of U.S. Political Parties Volume I: 1789-1860: From Factions to Parties. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed. New York, 1973, Chelsea House Publisher. p. 11)
"Federalists created their political program out of a political vision. They had shared in the revolutionaries' dream of a Republic of Virtue, and they emerged from a successful war against empire to search for guarantees that the republican experiment would not collapse." (Kerber, p. 3)
"The Federalist political demand was for a competent government, one responsible for the destiny of the nation and with the power to direct what that destiny would be. What was missing in postwar America, they repeatedly complained in a large variety of contexts, was order, predictability, stability. A competent government would guarantee the prosperity and external security of the nation; a government of countervailing balances was less likely to be threatened by temporary lapses in civic virtue, while remaining strictly accountable to the public will." (Kerber, p. 4)
"So long as Federalists controlled and staffed the agencies of the national government, the need to formulate alternate mechanisms for party decision making was veiled; with a Federalist in the White House, Federalists in the Cabinet, and Federalist majorities in Congress, the very institutional agencies of the government would themselves be the mechanism of party. Federal patronage could be used to bind party workers to the Federalist 'interest.' 'The reason of allowing Congress to appoint its own officers of the Customs, collectors of the taxes and military officers of every rank,' Hamilton said, 'is to create in the interior of each State, a mass of influence in favor of the Federal Government.' (fn: Alexander Hamilton, 1782, quoted in Lisle A. Rose, Prologue to Democracy: The Federalists in the South, 1789-1800, (Lexington, Kentucky, 1968), 3.) Federalists though of themselves as a government, not as a party; their history in the 1790's would be the history of alignments within the government, rather than of extrernal alignments which sought to influence the machinery of government." (Kerber, p. 10)
"Major national issues invigorated the process of party formation; as state groups came, slowly and hesitantly, to resemble each other. The issues on which pro-administration and anti-administration positions might be assumed increased in number and in obvious significance; the polarity of the parties became clearer." (Kerber, p. 11)
"As Adams' presidential decisions sequentially created a definition of the administration's goals as clear as Hamilton's funding program had once done, the range of political ideology which called itself Federalist simply became too broad to the party successfully to cast over it a unifying umbrella. Federalists were unified in their response to the XYZ Affair, and in their support of the Alien and Sedition Acts, which passed as party measures in the Fifth Congress, but in little else. The distance between Adams and Hamilton - in political philosophy, in willingness to contemplate war with France, in willingness to manipulate public opinion - was unbridgable; Hamilton's ill-tempered anti-Adams pamphlet of 1800 would be confirmation of a long-established distaste." (Kerber, p. 14)
"One result of the war was to add to Federalist strength and party cohesion. There were several varieties of Federalist congressional opinion on the war: most believed that the Republicans had fomented hard feeling with England so that their party could pose as defende of American honor; many believed that in the aftermath of what they were sure to be an unsuccessful war the Republicans would fall from power and Federalists would be returned to office . . . Regardless of the region from which they came, Federalists voted against the war with virtual unanimity." (Kerber, p. 24)
"As an anti-war party, Federalists retained their identity as an opposition well past wartime into a period that is usually known as the Era of Good Feelings and assumed to be the occasion of a one party system. In 1816, Federalists 'controlled the state governments of Maryland, Delaware, Connecticut and Massachusetts; they cast between forty percent and fifty percent of the popular votes in New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, New Hampshire and Vermont...Such wide support did not simply vanish...' (fn: Shaw Livermore, Jr. The Twilight of Federalism: The Disintegration of the Federalist Party 1815-1830, (Princeton, 1962), 265.) Rather, that support remained available, and people continued to attempt to make careers as Federalists (though, probably fewer initiated new careers as Federalists). Because men like Rufus King and Harrison Gray Otis retained their partisan identity intact, when real issues surfaced, like the Missouri debates of 1820, a 'formed opposition' still remained to respond to a moral cause and to oppose what they still thought of as a 'Virginia system.' Each of the candidates, including Jackson in the disputed election of 1824 had Federalist supporters, and their presence made a difference; Shaw Livermore argues that the central 'corrupt bargain' was not Adams' with Clay, but Adams' promise of patronage to Federalists which caused Webster to deliver the crucial Federalist votes that swung the election. If the war had increased Federalist strength, it also, paradoxically, had operated to decrease it, for prominent Federalists rallied to a beleaguered government in the name of unity and patriotism. These wartime republicans included no less intense Federalists than Oliver Wolcott of Connecticut and William Plumer of New Hampshire, both of whom went on to become Republican governors of their respective states, and in their careers thus provide emblems for the beginning of a one party period, and the slow breakdown of the first party system." (Kerber, p. 24)
"The dreams of the Revolution had been liberty and order, freedom and power; in seeking to make these dreams permanent, to institutionalize some things means to lose others. The Federalists, the first to be challenged by power, would experience these contradictions most sharply; a party that could include John Adams and Alexander Hamilton, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and Noah Webster, would be its own oxymoron. In the end the party perished out of internal contradiction and external rival, but the individuals who staffed it continued on to staff its succesors." (Kerber, p, 25)
Additional Sources:
- History of U.S. Political Parties Volume I: 1789-1860: From Factions to Parties. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed. New York, 1973, Chelsea House Publisher.
- The Revolution of American Conservatism: The Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy. David Hackett Fischer. New York, 1965, Harper and Row.
- The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788-1800. Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick. New York, 1993, Oxford University Press.
The Federalists were referred to by many monikers over the years by newspapers.
American Party:
- In 1809, The Concord Gazette refers to the Federalist Ticket as the American Ticket.
- Beginning in 1810, the Newburyport Herald (MA), began referring to Federalists as the American Party (as opposed to the "French" Party, who were Republicans). This continued in the 1811 elections.
Anti-Republican:
The Aurora, based in Philadelphia, the most well-known Republican newspaper of the era (see American Aurora: A Democratic-Republican Returns by Richard N. Rosenfeld.) in the February 11, 1800 issue referred to Mr. Holmes, the losing candidate for the Special Election for the Philadelphia County seat in the House of Representatives as an "anti-republican".
Federal Republican:
The October 7, 1799 issue of the Maryland Herald (Easton) referred to the Federalist ticket of Talbot County as Federal Republicans. It would continue to be used intermittently throughout the next 20 years. Newspapers that used this term included the Gazette of the United States (Philadelphia) and Philadelphia Gazette in 1800, the Newport Mercury in 1808, the New Bedford Mercury in 1810, the True American (Philadelphia) in 1812, the Northumberland Republican (Sunbury) in 1815, the United States Gazette (Philadelphia) in 1816 and the Union (Philadelphia) in 1821 and 1822.
Friends of Peace / Peace / Peace Ticket:
Beginning in 1812 ("In laying before our readers the above Canvass of this county, a few remarks become necessary, to refute the Assertion of the war party, that the Friends of Peace are decreasing in this country." Northern Whig (Hudson). May 11, 1812.) and continuing through to 1815 a number of newspapers referred to the Federalists as the Peace Party (or Peacemaker Party, as the Merrimack Intelligencer (Haverhill) of March 19, 1814 used), as the Peace Ticket or as the Friends of Peace due to their opposition of the War of 1812 (many of these same newspapers referred to the Republicans as the War Party). This use occurred all through at least August of 1815, with the Raleigh Minerva of August 18, 1815 referring to the Federalist candidates as Peace candidates.
These newspapers include the Columbian Centinel (Boston), Merrimack Intelligencer (Haverhill), Providence Gazette, the New York Evening Post, the New York Spectator, the Commercial Advertiser (New York), Northern Whig (Hudson), the Broome County Patriot (Chenango Point), the Independent American (Ballston Spa), the Baltimore Patriot, the Alexandria Gazette, Poulson's, Middlesex Gazette (Middletown), the Political and Commercial Register (Philadelphia), Freeman's Journal (Philadelphia), the Carlisle Herald, Northampton Farmer, Intelligencer and Weekly Advertiser (Lancaster), National Intelligencer (Washington), The Federal Republican (New Bern), the Raleigh Minerva, The Star (Raleigh) and Charleston Courier.
The New Hampshire Gazette (Portsmouth) took the opposite side, listing the Federalists in the March 16, 1813 edition as "Advocates of Dishonorable Peace and Submission."
Additional Sources:
"The Tyranny of Printers": Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic. Jeffrey L. Pasley. Charlottesville, 2001, University Press of Virginia.
Speaker of the House
Speaker of the House: Presiding officer in the House of Representatives, House of Commons or House of Delegates.
1787 - 1825: Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, United States of America, Vermont, Virginia
Office Scope: State / Territory
Role Scope: State / Territory