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2. Delaware 1798 Coroner, Kent County
3. Delaware 1800 Coroner, Kent County
4. Delaware 1800 Coroner, New Castle County
5. Delaware 1803 Coroner, Kent County
6. Delaware 1803 Coroner, New Castle County
7. Delaware 1809 Coroner, Kent County
8. Delaware 1809 Coroner, New Castle County
9. Delaware 1812 Coroner, New Castle County
10. Delaware 1815 Coroner, Kent County
11. Delaware 1815 Coroner, New Castle County
12. Delaware 1816 Coroner, Sussex County
13. Delaware 1818 Coroner, Kent County
14. Delaware 1818 Coroner, New Castle County
15. Delaware 1821 Coroner, Kent County
16. Delaware 1824 Coroner, Kent County
17. Delaware 1824 Coroner, New Castle County
18. New Jersey 1801 Coroner, Gloucester County
19. New Jersey 1802 Coroner, Cumberland County
20. New Jersey 1802 Coroner, Gloucester County
21. New Jersey 1803 Coroner, Cumberland County
22. New Jersey 1803 Coroner, Essex County
23. New Jersey 1803 Coroner, Gloucester County
24. New Jersey 1804 Coroner, Gloucester County
25. New Jersey 1806 Coroner, Cape May County
26. New Jersey 1806 Coroner, Hunterdon County
27. New Jersey 1807 Coroner, Gloucester County
28. New Jersey 1807 Coroner, Hunterdon County
29. New Jersey 1807 Coroner, Somerset County
30. New Jersey 1808 Coroner, Cape May County
31. New Jersey 1808 Coroner, Hunterdon County
32. New Jersey 1808 Coroner, Monmouth County
33. New Jersey 1808 Coroner, Salem County
34. New Jersey 1809 Coroner, Gloucester County
35. New Jersey 1809 Coroner, Morris County
36. New Jersey 1810 Coroner, Gloucester County
37. New Jersey 1812 Coroner, Hunterdon County
38. New Jersey 1812 Coroner, Middlesex County
39. New Jersey 1813 Coroner, Cumberland County
40. New Jersey 1813 Coroner, Monmouth County
41. New Jersey 1813 Coroner, Sussex County
42. New Jersey 1814 Coroner, Cumberland County
43. New Jersey 1814 Coroner, Monmouth County
44. New Jersey 1814 Coroner, Sussex County
45. New Jersey 1815 Coroner, Bergen County
46. New Jersey 1815 Coroner, Middlesex County
47. New Jersey 1817 Coroner, Bergen County
48. New Jersey 1818 Coroner, Middlesex County
49. New Jersey 1819 Coroner, Bergen County
50. New Jersey 1819 Coroner, Gloucester County
51. New Jersey 1819 Coroner, Middlesex County
52. New Jersey 1820 Coroner, Bergen County
53. New Jersey 1821 Coroner, Bergen County
54. New Jersey 1822 Coroner, Burlington County
55. New Jersey 1824 Coroner, Bergen County
56. New York 1822 Coroner, Richmond County
57. Ohio 1803 Coroner, Washington County
58. Ohio 1804 Coroner, Hamilton County
59. Ohio 1804 Coroner, Washington County
60. Ohio 1812 Coroner, Muskingum County
61. Ohio 1812 Coroner, Washington County
62. Ohio 1815 Coroner, Butler County
63. Ohio 1816 Coroner, Belmont County
64. Pennsylvania 1798 Coroner, Delaware County
65. Pennsylvania 1799 Coroner, Dauphin County
66. Pennsylvania 1799 Coroner, Franklin County
67. Pennsylvania 1799 Coroner, York County
68. Pennsylvania 1800 Coroner, Adams County
69. Pennsylvania 1800 Coroner, Allegheny, Beaver and Butler Counties
70. Pennsylvania 1800 Coroner, Bucks County
71. Pennsylvania 1800 Coroner, Chester County
72. Pennsylvania 1800 Coroner, Huntingdon County
73. Pennsylvania 1800 Coroner, Lancaster County
74. Pennsylvania 1801 Coroner, Luzerne County
75. Pennsylvania 1801 Coroner, Somerset County
76. Pennsylvania 1801 Coroner, Wayne County
77. Pennsylvania 1802 Coroner, Franklin County
78. Pennsylvania 1802 Coroner, Philadelphia County
79. Pennsylvania 1802 Coroner, York County
80. Pennsylvania 1803 Coroner, Adams County
81. Pennsylvania 1803 Coroner, Bucks County
82. Pennsylvania 1803 Coroner, Huntingdon County
83. Pennsylvania 1803 Coroner, Lancaster County
84. Pennsylvania 1804 Coroner, Luzerne County
85. Pennsylvania 1805 Coroner, Cumberland County
86. Pennsylvania 1805 Coroner, Dauphin County
87. Pennsylvania 1805 Coroner, Franklin County
88. Pennsylvania 1805 Coroner, York County
89. Pennsylvania 1806 Coroner, Adams County
90. Pennsylvania 1806 Coroner, Alleghany County
91. Pennsylvania 1806 Coroner, Beaver County
92. Pennsylvania 1806 Coroner, Butler County
93. Pennsylvania 1806 Coroner, Centre County
94. Pennsylvania 1806 Coroner, Crawford County
95. Pennsylvania 1806 Coroner, Erie County
96. Pennsylvania 1806 Coroner, Huntingdon County
97. Pennsylvania 1807 Coroner, Somerset County
98. Pennsylvania 1808 Coroner, Chester County
99. Pennsylvania 1808 Coroner, Fayette County
100. Pennsylvania 1808 Coroner, Franklin County
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Federalist
The Federalist Party
The Federalist Party was dominated by a man who never actually ran for public office in the United States - Alexander Hamilton. "Alexander Hamilton was, writes Marcus Cunliffe, 'the executive head with the most urgent program to implement, with the sharpest ideas of what he meant to do and with the boldest desire to shape the national government accordingly.' In less than two years he presented three reports, defining a federal economic program which forced a major debate not only on the details of the program but on the purpose for which the union has been formed. Hamilton's own sense of purpose was clear; he would count the revolution for independence a success only if it were followed by the creation of a prosperous commerical nation, comparable, perhaps even competitive, in power and in energy, with its European counterparts." (fn: Marcus Cunliffe, The Nation Takes Shape, 1789-1837, (Chicago, 1959), 23.) (Linda K. Kerber, History of U.S. Political Parties Volume I: 1789-1860: From Factions to Parties. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed. New York, 1973, Chelsea House Publisher. p. 11)
"Federalists created their political program out of a political vision. They had shared in the revolutionaries' dream of a Republic of Virtue, and they emerged from a successful war against empire to search for guarantees that the republican experiment would not collapse." (Kerber, p. 3)
"The Federalist political demand was for a competent government, one responsible for the destiny of the nation and with the power to direct what that destiny would be. What was missing in postwar America, they repeatedly complained in a large variety of contexts, was order, predictability, stability. A competent government would guarantee the prosperity and external security of the nation; a government of countervailing balances was less likely to be threatened by temporary lapses in civic virtue, while remaining strictly accountable to the public will." (Kerber, p. 4)
"So long as Federalists controlled and staffed the agencies of the national government, the need to formulate alternate mechanisms for party decision making was veiled; with a Federalist in the White House, Federalists in the Cabinet, and Federalist majorities in Congress, the very institutional agencies of the government would themselves be the mechanism of party. Federal patronage could be used to bind party workers to the Federalist 'interest.' 'The reason of allowing Congress to appoint its own officers of the Customs, collectors of the taxes and military officers of every rank,' Hamilton said, 'is to create in the interior of each State, a mass of influence in favor of the Federal Government.' (fn: Alexander Hamilton, 1782, quoted in Lisle A. Rose, Prologue to Democracy: The Federalists in the South, 1789-1800, (Lexington, Kentucky, 1968), 3.) Federalists though of themselves as a government, not as a party; their history in the 1790's would be the history of alignments within the government, rather than of extrernal alignments which sought to influence the machinery of government." (Kerber, p. 10)
"Major national issues invigorated the process of party formation; as state groups came, slowly and hesitantly, to resemble each other. The issues on which pro-administration and anti-administration positions might be assumed increased in number and in obvious significance; the polarity of the parties became clearer." (Kerber, p. 11)
"As Adams' presidential decisions sequentially created a definition of the administration's goals as clear as Hamilton's funding program had once done, the range of political ideology which called itself Federalist simply became too broad to the party successfully to cast over it a unifying umbrella. Federalists were unified in their response to the XYZ Affair, and in their support of the Alien and Sedition Acts, which passed as party measures in the Fifth Congress, but in little else. The distance between Adams and Hamilton - in political philosophy, in willingness to contemplate war with France, in willingness to manipulate public opinion - was unbridgable; Hamilton's ill-tempered anti-Adams pamphlet of 1800 would be confirmation of a long-established distaste." (Kerber, p. 14)
"One result of the war was to add to Federalist strength and party cohesion. There were several varieties of Federalist congressional opinion on the war: most believed that the Republicans had fomented hard feeling with England so that their party could pose as defende of American honor; many believed that in the aftermath of what they were sure to be an unsuccessful war the Republicans would fall from power and Federalists would be returned to office . . . Regardless of the region from which they came, Federalists voted against the war with virtual unanimity." (Kerber, p. 24)
"As an anti-war party, Federalists retained their identity as an opposition well past wartime into a period that is usually known as the Era of Good Feelings and assumed to be the occasion of a one party system. In 1816, Federalists 'controlled the state governments of Maryland, Delaware, Connecticut and Massachusetts; they cast between forty percent and fifty percent of the popular votes in New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, New Hampshire and Vermont...Such wide support did not simply vanish...' (fn: Shaw Livermore, Jr. The Twilight of Federalism: The Disintegration of the Federalist Party 1815-1830, (Princeton, 1962), 265.) Rather, that support remained available, and people continued to attempt to make careers as Federalists (though, probably fewer initiated new careers as Federalists). Because men like Rufus King and Harrison Gray Otis retained their partisan identity intact, when real issues surfaced, like the Missouri debates of 1820, a 'formed opposition' still remained to respond to a moral cause and to oppose what they still thought of as a 'Virginia system.' Each of the candidates, including Jackson in the disputed election of 1824 had Federalist supporters, and their presence made a difference; Shaw Livermore argues that the central 'corrupt bargain' was not Adams' with Clay, but Adams' promise of patronage to Federalists which caused Webster to deliver the crucial Federalist votes that swung the election. If the war had increased Federalist strength, it also, paradoxically, had operated to decrease it, for prominent Federalists rallied to a beleaguered government in the name of unity and patriotism. These wartime republicans included no less intense Federalists than Oliver Wolcott of Connecticut and William Plumer of New Hampshire, both of whom went on to become Republican governors of their respective states, and in their careers thus provide emblems for the beginning of a one party period, and the slow breakdown of the first party system." (Kerber, p. 24)
"The dreams of the Revolution had been liberty and order, freedom and power; in seeking to make these dreams permanent, to institutionalize some things means to lose others. The Federalists, the first to be challenged by power, would experience these contradictions most sharply; a party that could include John Adams and Alexander Hamilton, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and Noah Webster, would be its own oxymoron. In the end the party perished out of internal contradiction and external rival, but the individuals who staffed it continued on to staff its succesors." (Kerber, p, 25)
Additional Sources:
- History of U.S. Political Parties Volume I: 1789-1860: From Factions to Parties. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed. New York, 1973, Chelsea House Publisher.
- The Revolution of American Conservatism: The Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy. David Hackett Fischer. New York, 1965, Harper and Row.
- The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788-1800. Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick. New York, 1993, Oxford University Press.
The Federalists were referred to by many monikers over the years by newspapers.
American Party:
- In 1809, The Concord Gazette refers to the Federalist Ticket as the American Ticket.
- Beginning in 1810, the Newburyport Herald (MA), began referring to Federalists as the American Party (as opposed to the "French" Party, who were Republicans). This continued in the 1811 elections.
Anti-Republican:
The Aurora, based in Philadelphia, the most well-known Republican newspaper of the era (see American Aurora: A Democratic-Republican Returns by Richard N. Rosenfeld.) in the February 11, 1800 issue referred to Mr. Holmes, the losing candidate for the Special Election for the Philadelphia County seat in the House of Representatives as an "anti-republican".
Federal Republican:
The October 7, 1799 issue of the Maryland Herald (Easton) referred to the Federalist ticket of Talbot County as Federal Republicans. It would continue to be used intermittently throughout the next 20 years. Newspapers that used this term included the Gazette of the United States (Philadelphia) and Philadelphia Gazette in 1800, the Newport Mercury in 1808, the New Bedford Mercury in 1810, the True American (Philadelphia) in 1812, the Northumberland Republican (Sunbury) in 1815, the United States Gazette (Philadelphia) in 1816 and the Union (Philadelphia) in 1821 and 1822.
Friends of Peace / Peace / Peace Ticket:
Beginning in 1812 ("In laying before our readers the above Canvass of this county, a few remarks become necessary, to refute the Assertion of the war party, that the Friends of Peace are decreasing in this country." Northern Whig (Hudson). May 11, 1812.) and continuing through to 1815 a number of newspapers referred to the Federalists as the Peace Party (or Peacemaker Party, as the Merrimack Intelligencer (Haverhill) of March 19, 1814 used), as the Peace Ticket or as the Friends of Peace due to their opposition of the War of 1812 (many of these same newspapers referred to the Republicans as the War Party). This use occurred all through at least August of 1815, with the Raleigh Minerva of August 18, 1815 referring to the Federalist candidates as Peace candidates.
These newspapers include the Columbian Centinel (Boston), Merrimack Intelligencer (Haverhill), Providence Gazette, the New York Evening Post, the New York Spectator, the Commercial Advertiser (New York), Northern Whig (Hudson), the Broome County Patriot (Chenango Point), the Independent American (Ballston Spa), the Baltimore Patriot, the Alexandria Gazette, Poulson's, Middlesex Gazette (Middletown), the Political and Commercial Register (Philadelphia), Freeman's Journal (Philadelphia), the Carlisle Herald, Northampton Farmer, Intelligencer and Weekly Advertiser (Lancaster), National Intelligencer (Washington), The Federal Republican (New Bern), the Raleigh Minerva, The Star (Raleigh) and Charleston Courier.
The New Hampshire Gazette (Portsmouth) took the opposite side, listing the Federalists in the March 16, 1813 edition as "Advocates of Dishonorable Peace and Submission."
Additional Sources:
"The Tyranny of Printers": Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic. Jeffrey L. Pasley. Charlottesville, 2001, University Press of Virginia.
Coroner
Coroner: An officer of a county, district or municipality (formally also of the royal household), originally charged with maintaining the rights of the private property of the crown; in modern times his chief function is to hold inquests on the bodies of those supposed to have died by violence or accident.
Oxford English Dictionary
1787 - 1824: Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennyslvania
Office Scope: County / District (some combined counties within Ohio and Pennsylvania)
Role Scope: County / District (some combined counties within Ohio and Pennsylvania)