Results navigation
2. Connecticut 1806 Selectman, Litchfield, First
3. Connecticut 1806 Selectman, Litchfield, Fourth
4. Connecticut 1806 Selectman, Litchfield, Second
5. Connecticut 1806 Selectman, Litchfield, Third
6. Connecticut 1806 Town Clerk, Litchfield
7. Massachusetts 1799 Selectman, Boston
8. Massachusetts 1803 Selectman, Boston
9. Massachusetts 1803 Selectman, Salem
10. Massachusetts 1804 Selectman, Salem
11. Massachusetts 1804 Town Clerk, Salem
12. Massachusetts 1804 Treasurer, Essex County
13. Massachusetts 1805 Selectman, Boston
14. Massachusetts 1806 Assistant Assessor, Boston, Ward 6
15. Massachusetts 1806 Board of Health, Boston, Ward 6
16. Massachusetts 1806 Selectman, Boston
17. Massachusetts 1806 Selectman, Salem
18. Massachusetts 1806 Selectman, Salem, Ballot 2
19. Massachusetts 1807 Selectman, Boston
20. Massachusetts 1807 Selectman, Salem
21. Massachusetts 1807 Town Clerk, Ipswich
22. Massachusetts 1808 Selectman, Boston
23. Massachusetts 1808 Selectman, Newburyport
24. Massachusetts 1808 Selectman, Salem
25. Massachusetts 1808 Town Clerk, Newburyport
26. Massachusetts 1809 Assessor, Salem
27. Massachusetts 1809 Assistant Assessor, Boston, Ward 3
28. Massachusetts 1809 Board of Health, Boston, Ward 3
29. Massachusetts 1809 Selectman, Salem
30. Massachusetts 1809 Selectman, Salem, Ballot 2
31. Massachusetts 1809 Town Clerk, Salem
32. Massachusetts 1809 Treasurer, Salem
33. Massachusetts 1810 Selectman, Salem
34. Massachusetts 1811 Selectman, Salem
35. Massachusetts 1811 Selectman, Salem, Ballot 2
36. Massachusetts 1812 Assessor, Portland
37. Massachusetts 1812 Assessor, Salem
38. Massachusetts 1812 Collector, Portland
39. Massachusetts 1812 Inspector of Police, Portland
40. Massachusetts 1812 Moderator, Fairhaven
41. Massachusetts 1812 Moderator, Haverhill
42. Massachusetts 1812 Moderator, Norton
43. Massachusetts 1812 Moderator, Portland
44. Massachusetts 1812 Moderator, Salem
45. Massachusetts 1812 Selectman, Gloucester
46. Massachusetts 1812 Selectman, Haverhill
47. Massachusetts 1812 Selectman, Norton
48. Massachusetts 1812 Selectman, Portland
49. Massachusetts 1812 Selectman, Salem
50. Massachusetts 1812 Selectman, Springfield
51. Massachusetts 1812 Town Clerk, Fairhaven
52. Massachusetts 1812 Town Clerk, Gloucester
53. Massachusetts 1812 Town Clerk, Haverhill
54. Massachusetts 1812 Town Clerk, Norton
55. Massachusetts 1812 Town Clerk, Salem
56. Massachusetts 1812 Treasurer, Haverhill
57. Massachusetts 1812 Treasurer, Portland
58. Massachusetts 1813 Assessor, Salem
59. Massachusetts 1813 Moderator, Salem
60. Massachusetts 1813 Selectman, Nantucket
61. Massachusetts 1813 Selectman, Salem
62. Massachusetts 1813 Town Clerk, Salem
63. Massachusetts 1814 Assessor, Lynn
64. Massachusetts 1814 Assessor, Salem
65. Massachusetts 1814 Moderator, Andover
66. Massachusetts 1814 Moderator, Salem
67. Massachusetts 1814 Overseer of the Poor, Lynn
68. Massachusetts 1814 Selectman, Lynn
69. Massachusetts 1814 Selectman, Salem
70. Massachusetts 1814 Town Clerk, Andover
71. Massachusetts 1814 Town Clerk, Salem
72. Massachusetts 1814 Treasurer, Lynn
73. Massachusetts 1816 Assessor, Salem
74. Massachusetts 1816 Constable, Lynn
75. Massachusetts 1816 Overseer of the Poor, Lynn
76. Massachusetts 1816 Selectman, Lynn
77. Massachusetts 1816 Selectman, Salem
78. Massachusetts 1816 Town Clerk, Lynn
79. Massachusetts 1816 Town Clerk, Salem
80. Massachusetts 1816 Treasurer, Lynn
81. Massachusetts 1817 Assessor, Salem
82. Massachusetts 1817 Assessor, Salem, Ballot 2
83. Massachusetts 1817 Moderator, Portland
84. Massachusetts 1817 Moderator, Salem
85. Massachusetts 1817 Selectman, Gloucester
86. Massachusetts 1817 Selectman, Portland
87. Massachusetts 1817 Selectman, Salem
88. Massachusetts 1817 Selectman, Salem, Ballot 2
89. Massachusetts 1817 Town Clerk, Salem
90. Massachusetts 1819 Assessor, Salem
91. Massachusetts 1819 Selectman, Salem
92. Massachusetts 1821 Assessor, Salem, Ballot 2
93. Massachusetts 1822 Assessor, Salem
94. Massachusetts 1822 Selectman, Salem
95. Massachusetts 1824 Moderator, Lynn
96. New Hampshire 1812 Moderator, Portsmouth
97. New Hampshire 1813 Moderator, Portsmouth
98. New Hampshire 1819 Clerk, Concord
99. New Hampshire 1819 Moderator, Concord
100. New Hampshire 1819 Selectman, Concord
Results navigation
Republican
What is today referred to as the Democratic Republican Party did not exist as such under that name.
"The party name which the Jeffersonians used most commonly in self-designation was Republican. Since nearly all Americans professed to be supporters of a republic, Federalists were reluctant to allow their opponents the advantage of this name, preferring to label them as Antifederalists, Jacobins, disorganizers, or, at best, Democrats." (Noble E. Cunningham, Jr., History of U.S. Political Parties Volume I: 1789-1860: From Factions to Parties. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed. New York, 1973, Chelsea House Publisher. p. 240.)
"No precise date can be given for the establishment of the Republican party, for it did not spring suddenly into being, and even those leaders most intimately involved in its formation were not fully aware of what they were creating. The beginnings of what in course of time became the Republican party can be found in the Second Congress in the congressional faction that contemporaries referred to as the 'republican interest.' . . . An examination of roll calls during the Second Congress indicates that a voting bloc was forming around Madison in opposition to another bloc that united in support of Hamilton's program. While only about half of the membership of the House could be identified with one or the other of these factions, two such groups had not been observable in the First Congress." (Cunningham, p. 241)
"As members of Congress defended their legislative records and sought reelection, they took to the electorate the issues and the disputes that had divided Congress, and they tended in their campaigns for reelection to impart to the voters something of the partisanship that was developing in Congress. Thus, the party divisions in Congress filtered down to the voters through the electoral process, and voters came to align along the lines that divisions in Congress had marked out. In this process the congressional factions acquired the mass followings in the county necessary to transform them from capital factions into national political parties." (Cunningham, p. 244)
Though Thomas Jefferson was seen as the primary leader of the emerging Republican Party, his retirement in 1793 would force that mantle back upon James Madison. "Contemporaries referred to 'Madison's party,' and, when Jefferson was put forward for the presidency in 1796, he was recognized as the candidate of Madison's party. Adams's supporters warned that 'the measures of Madison and Gallatin will be the measures of the executive' if Jefferson were elected. Under Madison's leadership, the Republican party in Congress moved from a role characterized largely by opposition to administration measures, mostly Hamiltonian inspired, to one of offering policy alternatives and proposing Republican programs." (Cunningham, p. 246)
"As the country became dangerously polarized, the Federalists, in 1798 with the passage of the Alien and Sedition Laws, used the full power of the government in an effort to destroy their opponents, whom they saw as subversive. The Republicans, forced to do battle for their very survival, were compelled to change their strategy radically. Prior to 1798 they had optimistically believed that the people would repudiate leaders who supported antirepublican measures hostile to the general good of society. By 1798, however, the Federalists' electoral successes and their hold on the federal government seemed to belie that belief. Therefore, the Republicans shifted their focus of attention from the national to the state level. And by emphasizing a more overtly, self-consciously sectional, political enclave strategy, they left the clear implication that state secession and the breakup of the union might follow if the federal government refused to modify its policies and actions to make them more acceptable to opponents, especially Southerners." (American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis. James Roger Sharp. New Haven, 1993, Yale University Press. p. 12)
"On the national level, Republican members of Congress through their informal associations in the national capital formed the basic national party structure. Many of them lodged together in boarding houses or dined together in small groups where there were ample opportunities to plot party tactics. They kept in close touch with political leaders and party organizations in their home states. In 1800, Republican members introduced what was to become the most important element of national party machinery and the most powerful device for the maintenance of congressional influence of the leadership of the party: the congressional nominating caucus." (Cunningham, p. 252)
"The coming to power of the Jeffersonians in 1801 marked the beginning of the Republican era that saw the presidency passed from Jefferson to Madison to Monroe. When the Virginia dynasty came to an end in 1825, the presidential office went to a former Federalist who had become a Republican while Jefferson was president. But, although John Quincy Adams was a Republican, the presidential election of 1824 shattered the Republican party and destroyed the congressional nominating caucus which had given direction to the party's national structure since 1800. Adams's presidency was a period of restructuring of parties - a transitional period from the first party system of the Federalists and the Jeffersonians to the second party system of the age of Jackson." (Cunningham, p. 258-259).
"During the period from its rise in the 1790's to its breakup in the 1820's, the Jeffersonian Republican party made contributions of major significance to the development of the american political system. It demonstrated that a political party could be successfully organized in opposition to an administration in power in the national government, win control over that government, and produce orderly changes through the party process. In challenging the Federalist power, Republicans were innovative in building party machinery, organizing poltical campaigns, employing a party press, and devising campaign techniques to stimulate voter interest in elections and support of republican candidates at the polls. In the process, it became acceptable for candidates to campaign for office and for their partisans to organize campaign committees, distribute campaign literature, see that voters get to the polls, and adopt other practices which, though subsequently familiar features of american political campaigns, previously had been widely regarded with suspicion and distrust. Many of the methods of campaigning and the techniques of party organization, introduced by the Jeffersonian Republicans, while falling into disuse by the end of the Republican era, would be revived by the Jacksonians. In taking office in 1801, the Jeffersonians led the nation through the first transfer of political power in the national government from one party to another; and Jefferson demonstrated that the president could be both the head of his party and the leader of the nation." (Cunningham, p. 271)
Additional Sources:
- History of U.S. Political Parties Volume I: 1789-1860: From Factions to Parties. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed. New York, 1973, Chelsea House Publisher.
- American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis. James Roger Sharp. New Haven, 1993, Yale University Press.
- Partisanship and the Birth of America's Second Party, 1796-1800: "Stop the Wheels of Government". Matthew Q. Dawson. Westwood, CT, 2000, Greenwood Press.
- Party of the People: A History of the Democrats. Jules Witcover. New York, 2003, Random House
Beginning in 1799, many Federalist papers began to refer to the Republican Party as Democrats or the Democratic Party. This continued throughout the first quarter of the 18th Century until what is currently known as the Democratic Party emerged among the followers of Andrew Jackson in the 1828 Presidential Election.
Republicans were also called by a variety of different terms in various newspapers throughout the period:
Anti-Federalist:
Though the Anti-Federalists were not quite the exact same group as the Republicans as they would develop after 1792, there were still some of those who referred to them as such. The term was used by the following newspapers in the following elections:
- Porcupine's Gazette (Philadelphia). October 22, 1798. Pennsylvania 1798 Assembly, Chester County.
- Virginia Gazette (Richmond). April 30, 1799. Virginia 1799 House of Delegates, New Kent County.
- The Virginia Federalist (Richmond). April 26, 1800. Virginia 1800 House of Delegates, Norfolk County.
- Virginia Gazette (Richmond). May 12, 1802. Virginia 1802 House of Delegates, Bedford County.
- Virginia Gazette (Richmond). May 12, 1802. Virginia 1802 House of Delegates, Pittsylvania County.
- The Salem Gazette. May 17, 1805. Massachusetts 1805 House of Representatives, Salem.
Democratic Republican:
Though the term is commonly used today to distinguish the Jeffersonian Republicans from the later Republican Party and because so many of those among the Jeffersonian Republicans eventually became Jacksonian Democrats, this term was extremely rare during the actual period. It was used by the Readinger Adler in the October 27, 1818 edition recording the 1818 county elections in Pennsylvania.
French / War / Warhawk / Jacobin:
Starting in 1798, various Federalist newspapers would refer to Republicans as Jacobins. ("In Newbern district the contest lay between two federalists -- No Jacobin had the effrontery to offer himself." United States Gazette. September 1, 1798.) These references continued through until at least 1810. ("From the Cooperstown Federalist: The election in this County has terminated in favor of the Jacobin Ticket for Assembly. An important revolution has been effected by the most shameful artifices. Never before were the jacobin ranks so completely formed and thoroughly drilled for action. We hope next week to be able to lay before our readers a correct statement of votes, and to exhibit to the world a picture of depravity in the conduct of some of the inspectors of the election which has no parallel." The American (Herkimer). May 3, 1810.)
Beginning in 1810, the Newburyport Herald (MA), began referring to Republicans as the French Party (as opposed to the "American" Party, who were Federalists). This continued in the 1811 elections.
Beginning in 1812 ("In laying before our readers the above Canvass of this county, a few remarks become necessary, to refute the Assertion of the war party, that the Friends of Peace are decreasing in this country." Northern Whig (Hudson). May 11, 1812.) and continuing through 1813 and 1814 a number of newspapers were referring to the Republicans as the War Party (or Warhawk Party, as the Merrimack Intelligencer (Haverhill) of March 19, 1814 used) due to their support of the Madison administration and the War of 1812 (most of these same papers referred to the Federalists as the Peace Party). These newspapers include the Trenton Federalist, the Columbian Centinel (Boston), the Northern Whig (Hudson), the Independent American (Ballston Spa), the Broome County Patriot (Chenango Point), the New York Spectator, the Commercial Advertiser (New York), the New York Evening Post, the Albany Gazette, the Political and Commercial Register (Philadelphia), the Merrimack Intelligencer (Haverhill), The Federal Republican (New Bern), the Freeman's Journal (Philadelphia), Alexandria Gazette, Poulson's, Middlesex Gazette (Middletown), the Raleigh Minerva and The Star (Raleigh).
Jackson / Jacksonian:
With the Presidential election of 1824 split among four candidates who were, ostensibly, members of the same political party, the divisions among the Republican Party began to be apparent.
The phrase "Jackson" or "Jacksonian" candidate was used in nearly every state election in Georgia in 1824 to distinguish between those were were supporters of Andrew Jackson as opposed to the supporters of William H. Crawford. The Maryland Republican (Annapolis) and the Federal Gazette (Baltimore) used the term "Jacksonian" in the Cecil County elections of 1824 (as opposed to "Adamite" or "Crawfordite") and the Allegheny and Butler county election in Pennsylvania in 1824.
Whig:
The New Hampshire Gazette of March 5, 1816 would refer to the Republican ticket as the Whig Ticket and as being in favor of Peace and Commerce.