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102. Illinois 1822 State Senate, Sangamon County
103. Illinois 1822 State Senate, Washington County
104. Illinois 1822 U.S. House of Representatives
105. Illinois 1823 Commissioner, Greene County
106. Illinois 1823 U.S. Senate
107. Illinois 1824 Commissioner, Fayette County
108. Illinois 1824 Commissioner, Gallatin County
109. Illinois 1824 Commissioner, Greene County
110. Illinois 1824 Commissioner, Madison County
111. Illinois 1824 Commissioner, Madison County, Special
112. Illinois 1824 Commissioner, Marion County
113. Illinois 1824 Commissioner, Washington County
114. Illinois 1824 Coroner, Fayette County
115. Illinois 1824 Coroner, Gallatin County
116. Illinois 1824 Coroner, Greene County
117. Illinois 1824 Coroner, Madison County
118. Illinois 1824 Coroner, Marion County
119. Illinois 1824 Coroner, Sangamon County
120. Illinois 1824 Electoral College, District 1
121. Illinois 1824 Electoral College, District 2
122. Illinois 1824 Electoral College, District 3
123. Illinois 1824 House of Representatives, Alexander County
124. Illinois 1824 House of Representatives, Bond County
125. Illinois 1824 House of Representatives, Clark and Edgar Counties
126. Illinois 1824 House of Representatives, Crawford County
127. Illinois 1824 House of Representatives, Edwards County
128. Illinois 1824 House of Representatives, Fayette and Montgomery Counties
129. Illinois 1824 House of Representatives, Franklin County
130. Illinois 1824 House of Representatives, Fulton and Pike Counties
131. Illinois 1824 House of Representatives, Gallatin County
132. Illinois 1824 House of Representatives, Greene and Morgan Counties
133. Illinois 1824 House of Representatives, Hamilton, Jefferson and Marion Counties
134. Illinois 1824 House of Representatives, Jackson County
135. Illinois 1824 House of Representatives, Johnson County
136. Illinois 1824 House of Representatives, Lawrence County
137. Illinois 1824 House of Representatives, Madison County
138. Illinois 1824 House of Representatives, Monroe County
139. Illinois 1824 House of Representatives, Pope County
140. Illinois 1824 House of Representatives, Randolph County
141. Illinois 1824 House of Representatives, Saint Clair County
142. Illinois 1824 House of Representatives, Sangamon County
143. Illinois 1824 House of Representatives, Union County
144. Illinois 1824 House of Representatives, Washington County
145. Illinois 1824 House of Representatives, Wayne County
146. Illinois 1824 House of Representatives, White County
147. Illinois 1824 President of the United States
148. Illinois 1824 Sheriff, Fayette County
149. Illinois 1824 Sheriff, Gallatin County
150. Illinois 1824 Sheriff, Greene County
151. Illinois 1824 Sheriff, Greene County, Special
152. Illinois 1824 Sheriff, Madison County
153. Illinois 1824 Sheriff, Marion County
154. Illinois 1824 Sheriff, Sangamon County
155. Illinois 1824 Sheriff, Washington County
156. Illinois 1824 State Senate, Bond, Fayette, and Montgomery Counties
157. Illinois 1824 State Senate, Edwards County
158. Illinois 1824 State Senate, Franklin and Johnson Counties
159. Illinois 1824 State Senate, Fulton and Pike Counties
160. Illinois 1824 State Senate, Greene and Morgan Counties
161. Illinois 1824 State Senate, Greene, Morgan and Pike Counties, Special
162. Illinois 1824 State Senate, Jackson County
163. Illinois 1824 State Senate, Lawrence and Wayne Counties
164. Illinois 1824 State Senate, Randolph County
165. Illinois 1824 State Senate, Saint Clair County
166. Illinois 1824 State Senate, White County
167. Illinois 1824 State Supreme Court Judge
168. Illinois 1824 State Supreme Court Judge
169. Illinois 1824 State Supreme Court Judge, Ballot 2
170. Illinois 1824 State Supreme Court Judge, Ballot 3
171. Illinois 1824 State Supreme Court Judge, Ballot 4
172. Illinois 1824 State Supreme Court Judge, Ballot 5
173. Illinois 1824 State Supreme Court Judge, Ballot 6
174. Illinois 1824 U.S. House of Representatives
175. Illinois 1824 U.S. Senate
176. Illinois 1824 U.S. Senate, Ballot 10
177. Illinois 1824 U.S. Senate, Ballot 2
178. Illinois 1824 U.S. Senate, Ballot 3
179. Illinois 1824 U.S. Senate, Ballot 4
180. Illinois 1824 U.S. Senate, Ballot 5
181. Illinois 1824 U.S. Senate, Ballot 6
182. Illinois 1824 U.S. Senate, Ballot 7
183. Illinois 1824 U.S. Senate, Ballot 8
184. Illinois 1824 U.S. Senate, Ballot 9
185. Illinois 1824 U.S. Senate, Special
186. Illinois 1824 U.S. Senate, Special, Ballot 2
187. Illinois 1824 U.S. Senate, Special, Ballot 3
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In 1778 American revolutionary George Rogers Clark, defending colonial interests in the Northwest, claimed the sparsely populated Illinois country for Virginia. Following the American Revolution, Illinois fell within the boundaries of the Northwest Territory and operated under the Northwest Ordinance of 1787.
Settlement in this region increased, and on March 1, 1809, Illinois Territory was officially established with its capital at Kaskaskia. This sparked a wave of settlement, with most migrants hailing from the southern United States. Their influence was immediate and lasting. Not only would the territorial government select its laws from among the existing laws of the southern states, but the southern heritage of territorial residents would affect the slavery debate and political climate for decades.
Under the Northwest Ordinance, the vote was restricted to property owners, but because few property owners with substantial land claims resided in Illinois Territory, a referendum was soon adopted granting suffrage to all white taxpaying males who had lived in the territory for at least one year. In October 1812, members of the first legislature, as well as the first territorial representative to the United States Congress, Shadrach Bond, were elected by popular vote.
On December 3, 1818, after exaggerating population totals, Illinois became the twenty-first state admitted to the Union. The capital first remained at Kaskaskia, but it moved to Vandalia in 1819 and to Springfield in 1837. As a state, Illinois adopted a constitution that defined three branches of government marked by a strong bicameral legislature known as the General Assembly. This body, composed of the Senate and House of Representatives, met biennially. Members of the House were elected annually for each assembly. Senators served four-year terms, with half of the legislative body elected every two years. The General Assembly had the power to impeach, counted gubernatorial votes, appointed many state and local officials, and elected the four state supreme court justices, who made up the early judiciary.
The governor was elected biennially by popular vote, but the powers of this office were limited. Under the constitution of 1818, the governor possessed the power of veto only as a single vote in the Council of Revision, a separate body that consisted of the governor and the justices on the state supreme court; the Council was usually neutralized by the overarching powers of the General Assembly. The governor would not gain sole power of the veto until 1848.
The Illinois constitution of 1818 also gave the vote to white male inhabitants over twenty-one who had resided in the state for six months. In the early years of state government, debate surrounded the general election process. In 1819 and 1823, provisions were made for voting to take place via ballot, whereas in 1821 and 1829, viva voce voting was implemented. Viva voce eventually disappeared as population and polling places increased.
Prior to 1830, local factions dominated Illinois party politics. The Harrison faction and the anti-Harrison, or Edgar-Morrison, faction were both pro-slavery but differed in approach. The Edwards and anti-Edwards factions, which sparred over patronage and the judiciary, soon replaced the Harrison factions. When anti-slavery Governor Edward Coles was elected in 1822, a fierce debate began, which gave rise to the Jacksonian politicians who would dominate Illinois politics in the ensuing years.
Bibliography
- Alvord, Clarence Walworth.
The Illinois Country: 1673–1818. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1987. Originally published as Volume 1 of the Centennial History of Illinois by the Illinois Centennial Commission, 1920. - Biles, Roger.
Illinois: A History of the Land and Its People. Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2005. - Boggess, Arthur Clinton.
The Settlement of Illinois, 1778–1830. Chicago: The Chicago Historical Society, 1908. - Buck, Solon J.
Illinois in 1818. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1967. - Davis, James E.
Frontier Illinois. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1998. - Leichtle, Kurt E.
"The Rise of Jacksonian Politics in Illinois." Illinois Historical Journal, 82 (Summer 1989): 93–107. - Pease, Theodore Calvin.
The Frontier State: 1818–1848. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1987. Originally published as Volume 2 of the Centennial History of Illinois by the Illinois Centennial Commission, 1918. - Pease, Theodore Calvin and Marguerite Jenison Pease.
George Rogers Clark and the Revolution in Illinois: 1763–1787. Springfield: The Illinois State Historical Library and The Illinois State Historical Society, 1929. - Simeone, James.
Democracy and Slavery in Frontier Illinois: The Bottomland Republic. Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2000. - Sorensen, Mark W. "The Illinois History Resource Page." Illinois State Historical Society, December 12, 1995."The Illinois History Resource Page."
- Sutton, Robert M.
"Edward Coles and the Constitutional Crises in Illinois, 1822–1824." Illinois Historical Journal, 82 (Spring 1989): 36–46. - Sutton, Robert P., ed.
The Prairie State: A Documentary History of Illinois, Colonial Years to 1860. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1976.