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2. Georgia 1796 State Senate, Camden County
3. Georgia 1796 State Senate, Chatham County
4. Georgia 1797 State Senate, Chatham County
5. Georgia 1798 State Senate, Chatham County
6. Georgia 1799 State Senate, Burke County
7. Georgia 1799 State Senate, Columbia County
8. Georgia 1799 State Senate, Effingham County
9. Georgia 1799 State Senate, Jefferson County
10. Georgia 1799 State Senate, Liberty County
11. Georgia 1799 State Senate, Montgomery County
12. Georgia 1799 State Senate, Richmond County
13. Georgia 1800 State Senate, Columbia County
14. Georgia 1800 State Senate, Jefferson County
15. Georgia 1800 State Senate, Richmond County
16. Georgia 1801 State Senate, Burke County
17. Georgia 1801 State Senate, Hancock County
18. Georgia 1801 State Senate, Jefferson County
19. Georgia 1801 State Senate, Richmond County
20. Georgia 1802 State Senate, Burke County
21. Georgia 1802 State Senate, Columbia County
22. Georgia 1802 State Senate, Jefferson County
23. Georgia 1802 State Senate, Richmond County
24. Georgia 1802 State Senate, Washington County
25. Georgia 1803 State Senate, Chatham County
26. Georgia 1803 State Senate, Richmond County
27. Georgia 1804 State Senate, Camden County
28. Georgia 1804 State Senate, Chatham County
29. Georgia 1804 State Senate, Greene County
30. Georgia 1804 State Senate, Hancock County
31. Georgia 1804 State Senate, Richmond County
32. Georgia 1804 State Senate, Warren County
33. Georgia 1804 State Senate, Washington County
34. Georgia 1805 State Senate, Richmond County
35. Georgia 1806 State Senate, Chatham County
36. Georgia 1806 State Senate, Richmond County
37. Georgia 1807 State Senate, Chatham County
38. Georgia 1808 State Senate, Chatham County
39. Georgia 1808 State Senate, Richmond County
40. Georgia 1809 State Senate, Chatham County
41. Georgia 1809 State Senate, Lincoln County
42. Georgia 1809 State Senate, Richmond County
43. Georgia 1809 State Senate, Wilkes County
44. Georgia 1810 State Senate, Baldwin County
45. Georgia 1810 State Senate, Camden County
46. Georgia 1810 State Senate, Chatham County
47. Georgia 1810 State Senate, Clark County
48. Georgia 1810 State Senate, Jackson County
49. Georgia 1810 State Senate, Liberty County
50. Georgia 1810 State Senate, Oglethrope County
51. Georgia 1810 State Senate, Wilkes County
52. Georgia 1811 State Senate, Chatham County
53. Georgia 1811 State Senate, Columbia County
54. Georgia 1811 State Senate, Richmond County
55. Georgia 1812 State Senate, Baldwin County
56. Georgia 1812 State Senate, Chatham County
57. Georgia 1812 State Senate, Effingham County
58. Georgia 1812 State Senate, Richmond County
59. Georgia 1812 State Senate, Wilkes County
60. Georgia 1813 State Senate, Baldwin County
61. Georgia 1813 State Senate, Jones County
62. Georgia 1813 State Senate, Warren County
63. Georgia 1813 State Senate, Wilkes County
64. Georgia 1814 State Senate, Chatham County
65. Georgia 1815 State Senate, Chatham County
66. Georgia 1816 State Senate, Chatham County
67. Georgia 1818 State Senate, Chatham County
68. Georgia 1818 State Senate, McIntosh County
69. Georgia 1819 State Senate, Glynn County
70. Georgia 1820 State Senate, Chatham County
71. Georgia 1820 State Senate, Effingham County
72. Georgia 1821 State Senate, Chatham County
73. Georgia 1821 State Senate, Richmond County
74. Georgia 1822 State Senate, Baldwin County
75. Georgia 1822 State Senate, Camden County
76. Georgia 1822 State Senate, Chatham County
77. Georgia 1822 State Senate, Jefferson County
78. Georgia 1822 State Senate, McIntosh County
79. Georgia 1822 State Senate, Richmond County
80. Georgia 1822 State Senate, Wilkes County
81. Georgia 1823 State Senate, Baldwin County
82. Georgia 1823 State Senate, Chatham County
83. Georgia 1823 State Senate, Richmond County
84. Georgia 1824 State Senate, Baldwin County
85. Georgia 1824 State Senate, Bibb County
86. Georgia 1824 State Senate, Bryan County
87. Georgia 1824 State Senate, Burke County
88. Georgia 1824 State Senate, Camden County
89. Georgia 1824 State Senate, Chatham County
90. Georgia 1824 State Senate, Clark County
91. Georgia 1824 State Senate, Columbia County
92. Georgia 1824 State Senate, Crawford County
93. Georgia 1824 State Senate, Early County
94. Georgia 1824 State Senate, Hancock County
95. Georgia 1824 State Senate, Jackson County
96. Georgia 1824 State Senate, Jasper County
97. Georgia 1824 State Senate, Jefferson County
98. Georgia 1824 State Senate, Jones County
99. Georgia 1824 State Senate, Liberty County
100. Georgia 1824 State Senate, Lincoln County
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Georgia entered the Union on January 2, 1788, the fourth of the original thirteen colonies to ratify the United States Constitution. The Georgia constitution of 1789 created a bicameral legislature consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives; representatives were elected annually, senators every third year. Although Georgia's early constitutions specified neither the sex nor the race of voters, in practice eligible voters consisted of free men (predominantly whites) at least 21 years old who had paid taxes during the previous year and had resided in the county for at least six months. Each county elected one senator, and counties elected from two to five representatives, depending roughly on relative population. The legislature elected the governor to a two-year term, initially through a cumbersome process but, after a 1795 amendment, through a simple joint ballot of the legislature. Another 1795 amendment made Senate elections annual. All elections were by ballot.
The 1798 constitution (frequently amended but not entirely replaced until 1861) left the basic electoral structure intact. The most important change specified the use of the "three-fifths" or "federal" ratio, which counted three-fifths of the enslaved population in addition to the free white population in apportioning seats in the state House of Representatives. The 1798 document also required regular reapportionment among counties as the population changed. The legislature continued to elect the governor until an amendment in 1824 required direct popular election of the state's chief executive. The first popular election for governor occurred in 1825. In elections for the U.S. Congress, the legislature elected senators by joint ballot, and the state alternated between a district system and a general ticket system for the direct popular election of members of the U.S. House of Representatives.
Early Georgia politics was highly personal and factional. The absence of statewide elections, except for Congress, tended to localize politics and deter the formation of broad, institutionalized parties. The Federalists had some strength through the turn of the century, especially in Savannah and Augusta, but Georgia was largely a Republican state. The major political contests featured clashes among those who claimed to be Jeffersonian Republicans. Outrage over the Yazoo land frauds helped James Jackson dominate state politics for many years until his death in 1806, and William Crawford and George M. Troup then assumed the leadership of the Jackson group. John Clark headed the major rival faction. In broad terms, Jackson-Crawford-Troup adherents tended to have Virginia ties and to be based in the wealthier sections of the eastern black belt and low country. The Clark faction contained more people of North Carolina extraction and found its strongest support in frontier areas. Clark defeated Troup for the governorship in both 1819 and 1821, before Troup bested his rival in 1825. William Crawford was a major presidential contender in 1824. Excitement over these races, indeed, helped push through the amendment calling for popular election of the governor and a law mandating popular election of presidential electors. The most persistent and pressing issue of this early period was the state's efforts to push back the Creek and Cherokee nations and open Native American lands to white settlement. The short-staple cotton boom and the Panic of 1819 fueled economic and land concerns. The election returns presented in this series end just before the Georgia factions began to organize themselves into bona fide political parties that would become the Democratic and Whig parties in the state.
Bibliography
- Carey, Anthony Gene.
Parties, Slavery, and the Union in Antebellum Georgia. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997. - Coleman, Kenneth R., gen. ed.
A History of Georgia, 2nd ed. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1991. - Cook, James F.
The Governors of Georgia, 1754—2004, 3rd ed. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2005. - Carl Vinson Institute of Government, University of Georgia Georgia Constitution Web Page
- Lamplugh, George R.
Politics on the Periphery: Factions and Parties in Georgia, 1783—1806. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1986. - Phillips, Ulrich B.
Georgia and State Rights. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1902.
State Senate
The upper house of the State Legislature. Until 1792, the upper house in Delaware was the Council. Until 1819, the upper house in Connecticut was the Council of Assistants. By 1825, all of the states had an upper house called the State Senate except New Jersey, whose upper house was the Legislative Council and Vermont, which had a unicameral legislature.
1787 - 1825: Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia
Office Scope: State
Role Scope: State (Connecticut) / County / District / City / Parish