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402. Pennsylvania 1807 Lieutenant Colonel, Crawford County
403. Pennsylvania 1807 Major of 1st Battallion, Crawford County
404. Pennsylvania 1807 Major of 2nd Battallion, Crawford County
405. Pennsylvania 1807 Sheriff, Allegheny County
406. Pennsylvania 1807 Sheriff, Bedford County
407. Pennsylvania 1807 Sheriff, Chester County
408. Pennsylvania 1807 Sheriff, Delaware County
409. Pennsylvania 1807 Sheriff, Montgomery County
410. Pennsylvania 1807 Sheriff, Philadelphia City and County
411. Pennsylvania 1807 Sheriff, Somerset County
412. Pennsylvania 1807 Sheriff, Wayne County
413. Pennsylvania 1807 Sheriff, York County
414. Delaware 1808 Levy Court Commissioner, Kent County
415. Massachusetts 1808 Treasurer, Dukes County
416. Massachusetts 1808 Treasurer, Essex County
417. New Jersey 1808 Coroner, Cape May County
418. New Jersey 1808 Coroner, Hunterdon County
419. New Jersey 1808 Coroner, Salem County
420. New Jersey 1808 Sheriff, Cape May County
421. New Jersey 1808 Sheriff, Cumberland County
422. New Jersey 1808 Sheriff, Essex County
423. New Jersey 1808 Sheriff, Monmouth County
424. New Jersey 1808 Sheriff, Morris County
425. New Jersey 1808 Sheriff, Somerset County
426. New Jersey 1808 Sheriff, Sussex County
427. Ohio 1808 Commissioner, Hamilton County
428. Ohio 1808 Sheriff, Washington County
429. Pennsylvania 1808 Auditor, Cumberland County
430. Pennsylvania 1808 Commissioner, Adams County
431. Pennsylvania 1808 Commissioner, Allegheny County
432. Pennsylvania 1808 Commissioner, Armstrong County
433. Pennsylvania 1808 Commissioner, Beaver County
434. Pennsylvania 1808 Commissioner, Berks County
435. Pennsylvania 1808 Commissioner, Bucks County
436. Pennsylvania 1808 Commissioner, Centre and Clearfield Counties
437. Pennsylvania 1808 Commissioner, Chester County
438. Pennsylvania 1808 Commissioner, Crawford County
439. Pennsylvania 1808 Commissioner, Cumberland County
440. Pennsylvania 1808 Commissioner, Delaware County
441. Pennsylvania 1808 Commissioner, Erie County
442. Pennsylvania 1808 Commissioner, Fayette County
443. Pennsylvania 1808 Commissioner, Franklin County
444. Pennsylvania 1808 Commissioner, Greene County
445. Pennsylvania 1808 Commissioner, Huntingdon County
446. Pennsylvania 1808 Commissioner, Lancaster County
447. Pennsylvania 1808 Commissioner, Luzerne County
448. Pennsylvania 1808 Commissioner, Lycoming County
449. Pennsylvania 1808 Commissioner, Mercer County
450. Pennsylvania 1808 Commissioner, Mifflin County
451. Pennsylvania 1808 Commissioner, Montgomery County
452. Pennsylvania 1808 Commissioner, Northampton County
453. Pennsylvania 1808 Commissioner, Northumberland County
454. Pennsylvania 1808 Commissioner, Philadelphia City and Philadelphia County
455. Pennsylvania 1808 Commissioner, Somerset County
456. Pennsylvania 1808 Commissioner, Washington County
457. Pennsylvania 1808 Commissioner, Westmoreland County
458. Pennsylvania 1808 Commissioner, York County
459. Pennsylvania 1808 Coroner, Chester County
460. Pennsylvania 1808 Coroner, Fayette County
461. Pennsylvania 1808 Coroner, Franklin County
462. Pennsylvania 1808 Coroner, Greene County
463. Pennsylvania 1808 Coroner, Mifflin County
464. Pennsylvania 1808 Coroner, Montgomery County
465. Pennsylvania 1808 Coroner, Northampton County
466. Pennsylvania 1808 Coroner, Philadelphia City and Philadelphia County
467. Pennsylvania 1808 Coroner, Westmoreland County
468. Pennsylvania 1808 Coroner, York County
469. Pennsylvania 1808 Director of the Poor, Bucks County
470. Pennsylvania 1808 Director of the Poor, Chester County
471. Pennsylvania 1808 Director of the Poor, Cumberland County
472. Pennsylvania 1808 Director of the Poor, Delaware County
473. Pennsylvania 1808 Director of the Poor, Franklin County
474. Pennsylvania 1808 Director of the Poor, Lancaster County
475. Pennsylvania 1808 Director of the Poor, Montgomery County
476. Pennsylvania 1808 Director of the Poor, York County
477. Pennsylvania 1808 Sheriff, Armstrong County
478. Pennsylvania 1808 Sheriff, Erie County
479. Pennsylvania 1808 Sheriff, Fayette County
480. Pennsylvania 1808 Sheriff, Franklin County
481. Pennsylvania 1808 Sheriff, Greene County
482. Pennsylvania 1808 Sheriff, Northampton County
483. Pennsylvania 1808 Sheriff, Washington County
484. Delaware 1809 Coroner, Kent County
485. Delaware 1809 Coroner, New Castle County
486. Delaware 1809 Levy Court Commissioner, Kent County
487. Delaware 1809 Levy Court Commissioner, New Castle County
488. Delaware 1809 Sheriff, New Castle County
489. Maryland 1809 Sheriff, Allegany County
490. Maryland 1809 Sheriff, Baltimore and Baltimore County
491. Maryland 1809 Sheriff, Calvert County
492. Maryland 1809 Sheriff, Caroline County
493. Maryland 1809 Sheriff, Cecil County
494. Maryland 1809 Sheriff, Frederick County
495. Maryland 1809 Sheriff, Kent County
496. Maryland 1809 Sheriff, Queen Anne's County
497. Maryland 1809 Sheriff, Somerset County
498. Maryland 1809 Sheriff, Talbot County
499. Maryland 1809 Sheriff, Washington County
500. Maryland 1809 Sheriff, Worcester County
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Republican
What is today referred to as the Democratic Republican Party did not exist as such under that name.
"The party name which the Jeffersonians used most commonly in self-designation was Republican. Since nearly all Americans professed to be supporters of a republic, Federalists were reluctant to allow their opponents the advantage of this name, preferring to label them as Antifederalists, Jacobins, disorganizers, or, at best, Democrats." (Noble E. Cunningham, Jr., History of U.S. Political Parties Volume I: 1789-1860: From Factions to Parties. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed. New York, 1973, Chelsea House Publisher. p. 240.)
"No precise date can be given for the establishment of the Republican party, for it did not spring suddenly into being, and even those leaders most intimately involved in its formation were not fully aware of what they were creating. The beginnings of what in course of time became the Republican party can be found in the Second Congress in the congressional faction that contemporaries referred to as the 'republican interest.' . . . An examination of roll calls during the Second Congress indicates that a voting bloc was forming around Madison in opposition to another bloc that united in support of Hamilton's program. While only about half of the membership of the House could be identified with one or the other of these factions, two such groups had not been observable in the First Congress." (Cunningham, p. 241)
"As members of Congress defended their legislative records and sought reelection, they took to the electorate the issues and the disputes that had divided Congress, and they tended in their campaigns for reelection to impart to the voters something of the partisanship that was developing in Congress. Thus, the party divisions in Congress filtered down to the voters through the electoral process, and voters came to align along the lines that divisions in Congress had marked out. In this process the congressional factions acquired the mass followings in the county necessary to transform them from capital factions into national political parties." (Cunningham, p. 244)
Though Thomas Jefferson was seen as the primary leader of the emerging Republican Party, his retirement in 1793 would force that mantle back upon James Madison. "Contemporaries referred to 'Madison's party,' and, when Jefferson was put forward for the presidency in 1796, he was recognized as the candidate of Madison's party. Adams's supporters warned that 'the measures of Madison and Gallatin will be the measures of the executive' if Jefferson were elected. Under Madison's leadership, the Republican party in Congress moved from a role characterized largely by opposition to administration measures, mostly Hamiltonian inspired, to one of offering policy alternatives and proposing Republican programs." (Cunningham, p. 246)
"As the country became dangerously polarized, the Federalists, in 1798 with the passage of the Alien and Sedition Laws, used the full power of the government in an effort to destroy their opponents, whom they saw as subversive. The Republicans, forced to do battle for their very survival, were compelled to change their strategy radically. Prior to 1798 they had optimistically believed that the people would repudiate leaders who supported antirepublican measures hostile to the general good of society. By 1798, however, the Federalists' electoral successes and their hold on the federal government seemed to belie that belief. Therefore, the Republicans shifted their focus of attention from the national to the state level. And by emphasizing a more overtly, self-consciously sectional, political enclave strategy, they left the clear implication that state secession and the breakup of the union might follow if the federal government refused to modify its policies and actions to make them more acceptable to opponents, especially Southerners." (American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis. James Roger Sharp. New Haven, 1993, Yale University Press. p. 12)
"On the national level, Republican members of Congress through their informal associations in the national capital formed the basic national party structure. Many of them lodged together in boarding houses or dined together in small groups where there were ample opportunities to plot party tactics. They kept in close touch with political leaders and party organizations in their home states. In 1800, Republican members introduced what was to become the most important element of national party machinery and the most powerful device for the maintenance of congressional influence of the leadership of the party: the congressional nominating caucus." (Cunningham, p. 252)
"The coming to power of the Jeffersonians in 1801 marked the beginning of the Republican era that saw the presidency passed from Jefferson to Madison to Monroe. When the Virginia dynasty came to an end in 1825, the presidential office went to a former Federalist who had become a Republican while Jefferson was president. But, although John Quincy Adams was a Republican, the presidential election of 1824 shattered the Republican party and destroyed the congressional nominating caucus which had given direction to the party's national structure since 1800. Adams's presidency was a period of restructuring of parties - a transitional period from the first party system of the Federalists and the Jeffersonians to the second party system of the age of Jackson." (Cunningham, p. 258-259).
"During the period from its rise in the 1790's to its breakup in the 1820's, the Jeffersonian Republican party made contributions of major significance to the development of the american political system. It demonstrated that a political party could be successfully organized in opposition to an administration in power in the national government, win control over that government, and produce orderly changes through the party process. In challenging the Federalist power, Republicans were innovative in building party machinery, organizing poltical campaigns, employing a party press, and devising campaign techniques to stimulate voter interest in elections and support of republican candidates at the polls. In the process, it became acceptable for candidates to campaign for office and for their partisans to organize campaign committees, distribute campaign literature, see that voters get to the polls, and adopt other practices which, though subsequently familiar features of american political campaigns, previously had been widely regarded with suspicion and distrust. Many of the methods of campaigning and the techniques of party organization, introduced by the Jeffersonian Republicans, while falling into disuse by the end of the Republican era, would be revived by the Jacksonians. In taking office in 1801, the Jeffersonians led the nation through the first transfer of political power in the national government from one party to another; and Jefferson demonstrated that the president could be both the head of his party and the leader of the nation." (Cunningham, p. 271)
Additional Sources:
- History of U.S. Political Parties Volume I: 1789-1860: From Factions to Parties. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed. New York, 1973, Chelsea House Publisher.
- American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis. James Roger Sharp. New Haven, 1993, Yale University Press.
- Partisanship and the Birth of America's Second Party, 1796-1800: "Stop the Wheels of Government". Matthew Q. Dawson. Westwood, CT, 2000, Greenwood Press.
- Party of the People: A History of the Democrats. Jules Witcover. New York, 2003, Random House
Beginning in 1799, many Federalist papers began to refer to the Republican Party as Democrats or the Democratic Party. This continued throughout the first quarter of the 18th Century until what is currently known as the Democratic Party emerged among the followers of Andrew Jackson in the 1828 Presidential Election.
Republicans were also called by a variety of different terms in various newspapers throughout the period:
Anti-Federalist:
Though the Anti-Federalists were not quite the exact same group as the Republicans as they would develop after 1792, there were still some of those who referred to them as such. The term was used by the following newspapers in the following elections:
- Porcupine's Gazette (Philadelphia). October 22, 1798. Pennsylvania 1798 Assembly, Chester County.
- Virginia Gazette (Richmond). April 30, 1799. Virginia 1799 House of Delegates, New Kent County.
- The Virginia Federalist (Richmond). April 26, 1800. Virginia 1800 House of Delegates, Norfolk County.
- Virginia Gazette (Richmond). May 12, 1802. Virginia 1802 House of Delegates, Bedford County.
- Virginia Gazette (Richmond). May 12, 1802. Virginia 1802 House of Delegates, Pittsylvania County.
- The Salem Gazette. May 17, 1805. Massachusetts 1805 House of Representatives, Salem.
Democratic Republican:
Though the term is commonly used today to distinguish the Jeffersonian Republicans from the later Republican Party and because so many of those among the Jeffersonian Republicans eventually became Jacksonian Democrats, this term was extremely rare during the actual period. It was used by the Readinger Adler in the October 27, 1818 edition recording the 1818 county elections in Pennsylvania.
French / War / Warhawk / Jacobin:
Starting in 1798, various Federalist newspapers would refer to Republicans as Jacobins. ("In Newbern district the contest lay between two federalists -- No Jacobin had the effrontery to offer himself." United States Gazette. September 1, 1798.) These references continued through until at least 1810. ("From the Cooperstown Federalist: The election in this County has terminated in favor of the Jacobin Ticket for Assembly. An important revolution has been effected by the most shameful artifices. Never before were the jacobin ranks so completely formed and thoroughly drilled for action. We hope next week to be able to lay before our readers a correct statement of votes, and to exhibit to the world a picture of depravity in the conduct of some of the inspectors of the election which has no parallel." The American (Herkimer). May 3, 1810.)
Beginning in 1810, the Newburyport Herald (MA), began referring to Republicans as the French Party (as opposed to the "American" Party, who were Federalists). This continued in the 1811 elections.
Beginning in 1812 ("In laying before our readers the above Canvass of this county, a few remarks become necessary, to refute the Assertion of the war party, that the Friends of Peace are decreasing in this country." Northern Whig (Hudson). May 11, 1812.) and continuing through 1813 and 1814 a number of newspapers were referring to the Republicans as the War Party (or Warhawk Party, as the Merrimack Intelligencer (Haverhill) of March 19, 1814 used) due to their support of the Madison administration and the War of 1812 (most of these same papers referred to the Federalists as the Peace Party). These newspapers include the Trenton Federalist, the Columbian Centinel (Boston), the Northern Whig (Hudson), the Independent American (Ballston Spa), the Broome County Patriot (Chenango Point), the New York Spectator, the Commercial Advertiser (New York), the New York Evening Post, the Albany Gazette, the Political and Commercial Register (Philadelphia), the Merrimack Intelligencer (Haverhill), The Federal Republican (New Bern), the Freeman's Journal (Philadelphia), Alexandria Gazette, Poulson's, Middlesex Gazette (Middletown), the Raleigh Minerva and The Star (Raleigh).
Jackson / Jacksonian:
With the Presidential election of 1824 split among four candidates who were, ostensibly, members of the same political party, the divisions among the Republican Party began to be apparent.
The phrase "Jackson" or "Jacksonian" candidate was used in nearly every state election in Georgia in 1824 to distinguish between those were were supporters of Andrew Jackson as opposed to the supporters of William H. Crawford. The Maryland Republican (Annapolis) and the Federal Gazette (Baltimore) used the term "Jacksonian" in the Cecil County elections of 1824 (as opposed to "Adamite" or "Crawfordite") and the Allegheny and Butler county election in Pennsylvania in 1824.
Whig:
The New Hampshire Gazette of March 5, 1816 would refer to the Republican ticket as the Whig Ticket and as being in favor of Peace and Commerce.