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202. Ohio 1804 Sheriff, Hamilton County
203. Ohio 1804 Sheriff, Washington County
204. Ohio 1808 Sheriff, Washington County
205. Ohio 1812 Sheriff, Muskingum County
206. Ohio 1812 Sheriff, Washington County
207. Ohio 1814 Sheriff, Muskingum County
208. Ohio 1816 Sheriff, Belmont County
209. Pennsylvania 1794 Sheriff, Northumberland County
210. Pennsylvania 1798 Sheriff, Delaware County
211. Pennsylvania 1799 Sheriff, Franklin County
212. Pennsylvania 1799 Sheriff, Washington County
213. Pennsylvania 1800 Sheriff, Adams County
214. Pennsylvania 1800 Sheriff, Bucks County
215. Pennsylvania 1800 Sheriff, Dauphin County
216. Pennsylvania 1800 Sheriff, Huntingdon County
217. Pennsylvania 1800 Sheriff, Lancaster County
218. Pennsylvania 1800 Sheriff, Northumberland County
219. Pennsylvania 1800 Sheriff, Philadelphia City and County
220. Pennsylvania 1801 Sheriff, Allegheny, Beaver, and Butler Counties
221. Pennsylvania 1801 Sheriff, Bedford County
222. Pennsylvania 1801 Sheriff, Chester County
223. Pennsylvania 1801 Sheriff, Cumberland County
224. Pennsylvania 1801 Sheriff, Delaware County
225. Pennsylvania 1801 Sheriff, Luzerne County
226. Pennsylvania 1801 Sheriff, Montgomery County
227. Pennsylvania 1801 Sheriff, Wayne County
228. Pennsylvania 1801 Sheriff, York County
229. Pennsylvania 1802 Sheriff, Fayette County
230. Pennsylvania 1802 Sheriff, Franklin County
231. Pennsylvania 1803 Sheriff, Adams County
232. Pennsylvania 1803 Sheriff, Beaver County
233. Pennsylvania 1803 Sheriff, Bucks County
234. Pennsylvania 1803 Sheriff, Huntingdon County
235. Pennsylvania 1803 Sheriff, Lancaster County
236. Pennsylvania 1803 Sheriff, Philadelphia City and County
237. Pennsylvania 1804 Sheriff, Bedford County
238. Pennsylvania 1804 Sheriff, Chester County
239. Pennsylvania 1804 Sheriff, Luzerne County
240. Pennsylvania 1804 Sheriff, Wayne County
241. Pennsylvania 1804 Sheriff, York County
242. Pennsylvania 1805 Sheriff, Greene County
243. Pennsylvania 1805 Sheriff, Washington County
244. Pennsylvania 1806 Sheriff, Adams County
245. Pennsylvania 1806 Sheriff, Beaver County
246. Pennsylvania 1806 Sheriff, Butler County
247. Pennsylvania 1806 Sheriff, Centre County
248. Pennsylvania 1806 Sheriff, Crawford County
249. Pennsylvania 1806 Sheriff, Huntingdon County
250. Pennsylvania 1806 Sheriff, Indiana County
251. Pennsylvania 1806 Sheriff, Philadelphia City and County
252. Pennsylvania 1807 Sheriff, Allegheny County
253. Pennsylvania 1807 Sheriff, Delaware County
254. Pennsylvania 1807 Sheriff, Montgomery County
255. Pennsylvania 1807 Sheriff, Somerset County
256. Pennsylvania 1807 Sheriff, York County
257. Pennsylvania 1808 Sheriff, Armstrong County
258. Pennsylvania 1808 Sheriff, Erie County
259. Pennsylvania 1808 Sheriff, Fayette County
260. Pennsylvania 1808 Sheriff, Franklin County
261. Pennsylvania 1808 Sheriff, Greene County
262. Pennsylvania 1808 Sheriff, Northampton County
263. Pennsylvania 1808 Sheriff, Venango and Warren Counties
264. Pennsylvania 1808 Sheriff, Washington County
265. Pennsylvania 1809 Sheriff, Adams County
266. Pennsylvania 1809 Sheriff, Bucks County
267. Pennsylvania 1809 Sheriff, Butler County
268. Pennsylvania 1809 Sheriff, Crawford County
269. Pennsylvania 1809 Sheriff, Dauphin County
270. Pennsylvania 1809 Sheriff, Huntingdon County
271. Pennsylvania 1809 Sheriff, Lancaster County
272. Pennsylvania 1809 Sheriff, Mercer County
273. Pennsylvania 1809 Sheriff, Northumberland County
274. Pennsylvania 1810 Sheriff, Chester County
275. Pennsylvania 1810 Sheriff, Delaware County
276. Pennsylvania 1810 Sheriff, Erie County
277. Pennsylvania 1810 Sheriff, Luzerne County
278. Pennsylvania 1810 Sheriff, Montgomery County
279. Pennsylvania 1810 Sheriff, Philadelphia City and Philadelphia County
280. Pennsylvania 1810 Sheriff, Westmoreland County
281. Pennsylvania 1810 Sheriff, York County
282. Pennsylvania 1811 Sheriff, Armstrong County
283. Pennsylvania 1812 Sheriff, Adams County
284. Pennsylvania 1812 Sheriff, Bradford County
285. Pennsylvania 1812 Sheriff, Bucks County
286. Pennsylvania 1812 Sheriff, Butler County
287. Pennsylvania 1812 Sheriff, Dauphin County
288. Pennsylvania 1812 Sheriff, Huntingdon County
289. Pennsylvania 1812 Sheriff, Lancaster County
290. Pennsylvania 1812 Sheriff, Northumberland County
291. Pennsylvania 1812 Sheriff, Susquehanna County
292. Pennsylvania 1812 Sheriff, York County
293. Pennsylvania 1813 Sheriff, Allegheny County
294. Pennsylvania 1813 Sheriff, Cambria County
295. Pennsylvania 1813 Sheriff, Chester County
296. Pennsylvania 1813 Sheriff, Cumberland County
297. Pennsylvania 1813 Sheriff, Delaware County
298. Pennsylvania 1813 Sheriff, Erie County
299. Pennsylvania 1813 Sheriff, Lebanon County
300. Pennsylvania 1813 Sheriff, Luzerne County
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Federalist
The Federalist Party
The Federalist Party was dominated by a man who never actually ran for public office in the United States - Alexander Hamilton. "Alexander Hamilton was, writes Marcus Cunliffe, 'the executive head with the most urgent program to implement, with the sharpest ideas of what he meant to do and with the boldest desire to shape the national government accordingly.' In less than two years he presented three reports, defining a federal economic program which forced a major debate not only on the details of the program but on the purpose for which the union has been formed. Hamilton's own sense of purpose was clear; he would count the revolution for independence a success only if it were followed by the creation of a prosperous commerical nation, comparable, perhaps even competitive, in power and in energy, with its European counterparts." (fn: Marcus Cunliffe, The Nation Takes Shape, 1789-1837, (Chicago, 1959), 23.) (Linda K. Kerber, History of U.S. Political Parties Volume I: 1789-1860: From Factions to Parties. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed. New York, 1973, Chelsea House Publisher. p. 11)
"Federalists created their political program out of a political vision. They had shared in the revolutionaries' dream of a Republic of Virtue, and they emerged from a successful war against empire to search for guarantees that the republican experiment would not collapse." (Kerber, p. 3)
"The Federalist political demand was for a competent government, one responsible for the destiny of the nation and with the power to direct what that destiny would be. What was missing in postwar America, they repeatedly complained in a large variety of contexts, was order, predictability, stability. A competent government would guarantee the prosperity and external security of the nation; a government of countervailing balances was less likely to be threatened by temporary lapses in civic virtue, while remaining strictly accountable to the public will." (Kerber, p. 4)
"So long as Federalists controlled and staffed the agencies of the national government, the need to formulate alternate mechanisms for party decision making was veiled; with a Federalist in the White House, Federalists in the Cabinet, and Federalist majorities in Congress, the very institutional agencies of the government would themselves be the mechanism of party. Federal patronage could be used to bind party workers to the Federalist 'interest.' 'The reason of allowing Congress to appoint its own officers of the Customs, collectors of the taxes and military officers of every rank,' Hamilton said, 'is to create in the interior of each State, a mass of influence in favor of the Federal Government.' (fn: Alexander Hamilton, 1782, quoted in Lisle A. Rose, Prologue to Democracy: The Federalists in the South, 1789-1800, (Lexington, Kentucky, 1968), 3.) Federalists though of themselves as a government, not as a party; their history in the 1790's would be the history of alignments within the government, rather than of extrernal alignments which sought to influence the machinery of government." (Kerber, p. 10)
"Major national issues invigorated the process of party formation; as state groups came, slowly and hesitantly, to resemble each other. The issues on which pro-administration and anti-administration positions might be assumed increased in number and in obvious significance; the polarity of the parties became clearer." (Kerber, p. 11)
"As Adams' presidential decisions sequentially created a definition of the administration's goals as clear as Hamilton's funding program had once done, the range of political ideology which called itself Federalist simply became too broad to the party successfully to cast over it a unifying umbrella. Federalists were unified in their response to the XYZ Affair, and in their support of the Alien and Sedition Acts, which passed as party measures in the Fifth Congress, but in little else. The distance between Adams and Hamilton - in political philosophy, in willingness to contemplate war with France, in willingness to manipulate public opinion - was unbridgable; Hamilton's ill-tempered anti-Adams pamphlet of 1800 would be confirmation of a long-established distaste." (Kerber, p. 14)
"One result of the war was to add to Federalist strength and party cohesion. There were several varieties of Federalist congressional opinion on the war: most believed that the Republicans had fomented hard feeling with England so that their party could pose as defende of American honor; many believed that in the aftermath of what they were sure to be an unsuccessful war the Republicans would fall from power and Federalists would be returned to office . . . Regardless of the region from which they came, Federalists voted against the war with virtual unanimity." (Kerber, p. 24)
"As an anti-war party, Federalists retained their identity as an opposition well past wartime into a period that is usually known as the Era of Good Feelings and assumed to be the occasion of a one party system. In 1816, Federalists 'controlled the state governments of Maryland, Delaware, Connecticut and Massachusetts; they cast between forty percent and fifty percent of the popular votes in New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, New Hampshire and Vermont...Such wide support did not simply vanish...' (fn: Shaw Livermore, Jr. The Twilight of Federalism: The Disintegration of the Federalist Party 1815-1830, (Princeton, 1962), 265.) Rather, that support remained available, and people continued to attempt to make careers as Federalists (though, probably fewer initiated new careers as Federalists). Because men like Rufus King and Harrison Gray Otis retained their partisan identity intact, when real issues surfaced, like the Missouri debates of 1820, a 'formed opposition' still remained to respond to a moral cause and to oppose what they still thought of as a 'Virginia system.' Each of the candidates, including Jackson in the disputed election of 1824 had Federalist supporters, and their presence made a difference; Shaw Livermore argues that the central 'corrupt bargain' was not Adams' with Clay, but Adams' promise of patronage to Federalists which caused Webster to deliver the crucial Federalist votes that swung the election. If the war had increased Federalist strength, it also, paradoxically, had operated to decrease it, for prominent Federalists rallied to a beleaguered government in the name of unity and patriotism. These wartime republicans included no less intense Federalists than Oliver Wolcott of Connecticut and William Plumer of New Hampshire, both of whom went on to become Republican governors of their respective states, and in their careers thus provide emblems for the beginning of a one party period, and the slow breakdown of the first party system." (Kerber, p. 24)
"The dreams of the Revolution had been liberty and order, freedom and power; in seeking to make these dreams permanent, to institutionalize some things means to lose others. The Federalists, the first to be challenged by power, would experience these contradictions most sharply; a party that could include John Adams and Alexander Hamilton, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and Noah Webster, would be its own oxymoron. In the end the party perished out of internal contradiction and external rival, but the individuals who staffed it continued on to staff its succesors." (Kerber, p, 25)
Additional Sources:
- History of U.S. Political Parties Volume I: 1789-1860: From Factions to Parties. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed. New York, 1973, Chelsea House Publisher.
- The Revolution of American Conservatism: The Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy. David Hackett Fischer. New York, 1965, Harper and Row.
- The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788-1800. Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick. New York, 1993, Oxford University Press.
The Federalists were referred to by many monikers over the years by newspapers.
American Party:
- In 1809, The Concord Gazette refers to the Federalist Ticket as the American Ticket.
- Beginning in 1810, the Newburyport Herald (MA), began referring to Federalists as the American Party (as opposed to the "French" Party, who were Republicans). This continued in the 1811 elections.
Anti-Republican:
The Aurora, based in Philadelphia, the most well-known Republican newspaper of the era (see American Aurora: A Democratic-Republican Returns by Richard N. Rosenfeld.) in the February 11, 1800 issue referred to Mr. Holmes, the losing candidate for the Special Election for the Philadelphia County seat in the House of Representatives as an "anti-republican".
Federal Republican:
The October 7, 1799 issue of the Maryland Herald (Easton) referred to the Federalist ticket of Talbot County as Federal Republicans. It would continue to be used intermittently throughout the next 20 years. Newspapers that used this term included the Gazette of the United States (Philadelphia) and Philadelphia Gazette in 1800, the Newport Mercury in 1808, the New Bedford Mercury in 1810, the True American (Philadelphia) in 1812, the Northumberland Republican (Sunbury) in 1815, the United States Gazette (Philadelphia) in 1816 and the Union (Philadelphia) in 1821 and 1822.
Friends of Peace / Peace / Peace Ticket:
Beginning in 1812 ("In laying before our readers the above Canvass of this county, a few remarks become necessary, to refute the Assertion of the war party, that the Friends of Peace are decreasing in this country." Northern Whig (Hudson). May 11, 1812.) and continuing through to 1815 a number of newspapers referred to the Federalists as the Peace Party (or Peacemaker Party, as the Merrimack Intelligencer (Haverhill) of March 19, 1814 used), as the Peace Ticket or as the Friends of Peace due to their opposition of the War of 1812 (many of these same newspapers referred to the Republicans as the War Party). This use occurred all through at least August of 1815, with the Raleigh Minerva of August 18, 1815 referring to the Federalist candidates as Peace candidates.
These newspapers include the Columbian Centinel (Boston), Merrimack Intelligencer (Haverhill), Providence Gazette, the New York Evening Post, the New York Spectator, the Commercial Advertiser (New York), Northern Whig (Hudson), the Broome County Patriot (Chenango Point), the Independent American (Ballston Spa), the Baltimore Patriot, the Alexandria Gazette, Poulson's, Middlesex Gazette (Middletown), the Political and Commercial Register (Philadelphia), Freeman's Journal (Philadelphia), the Carlisle Herald, Northampton Farmer, Intelligencer and Weekly Advertiser (Lancaster), National Intelligencer (Washington), The Federal Republican (New Bern), the Raleigh Minerva, The Star (Raleigh) and Charleston Courier.
The New Hampshire Gazette (Portsmouth) took the opposite side, listing the Federalists in the March 16, 1813 edition as "Advocates of Dishonorable Peace and Submission."
Additional Sources:
"The Tyranny of Printers": Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic. Jeffrey L. Pasley. Charlottesville, 2001, University Press of Virginia.
Sheriff
Sheriff: executes civil and criminal process throughout the county, has charge of the jail and prisoners, attends courts and keeps the peace.
Oxford English Dictionary
In many states, the Sheriff was also an election official and their signature can be found on copies of Original Documents, ranging from state to federal elections. In Congressional districts having more than one county, the Sheriffs of each county would meet in a designated County Court House, compare the returns and certify the results. If the Sheriff of a county did not appear, the votes from his county would not be counted.
1787 - 1824: Alabama, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina
Office Scope: County / City / District (Pennsylvania, South Carolina)
Role Scope: County / City / District (Pennsylvania, South Carolina)