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302. Rhode Island 1800 Lieutenant Governor
303. South Carolina 1800 House of Representatives, Charleston City
304. South Carolina 1800 State Senate, Charleston City
305. Vermont 1800 Governor
306. Virginia 1800 House of Delegates, Albemarle County
307. Virginia 1800 House of Delegates, Fairfax County
308. Virginia 1800 House of Delegates, Frederick County
309. Virginia 1800 House of Delegates, Hampshire County
310. Virginia 1800 House of Delegates, Hardy County
311. Virginia 1800 House of Delegates, King George County
312. Virginia 1800 House of Delegates, Norfolk County
313. Virginia 1800 House of Delegates, Ohio County
314. Virginia 1800 State Senate, Class 3, District 2
315. Virginia 1800 State Senate, Class 3, District 5
316. Virginia 1800 State Senate, Class 3, District 6
317. Connecticut 1801 Governor
318. Connecticut 1801 House of Representatives, New London
319. Connecticut 1801 Lieutenant Governor
320. Delaware 1801 Governor
321. Delaware 1801 House of Representatives, Kent County
322. Delaware 1801 House of Representatives, New Castle County
323. Delaware 1801 State Senate, Kent County
324. Delaware 1801 State Senate, New Castle County
325. Delaware 1801 State Senate, Sussex County
326. Maryland 1801 Electoral Assembly for State Senate, Annapolis
327. Maryland 1801 Electoral Assembly for State Senate, Calvert County
328. Maryland 1801 Electoral Assembly for State Senate, Dorchester County
329. Maryland 1801 Electoral Assembly for State Senate, Frederick County
330. Maryland 1801 Electoral Assembly for State Senate, Kent County
331. Maryland 1801 Electoral Assembly for State Senate, Prince George's County
332. Maryland 1801 Electoral Assembly for State Senate, Queen Anne's County
333. Maryland 1801 House of Delegates, Baltimore
334. Maryland 1801 House of Delegates, Baltimore County
335. Maryland 1801 House of Delegates, Frederick County
336. Maryland 1801 House of Delegates, Kent County
337. Maryland 1801 House of Delegates, Prince George's County
338. Maryland 1801 House of Delegates, Talbot County
339. Maryland 1801 House of Delegates, Washington County
340. Massachusetts 1801 Governor
341. Massachusetts 1801 House of Representatives, Boston
342. Massachusetts 1801 Lieutenant Governor
343. Massachusetts 1801 State Senate, Barnstable County
344. Massachusetts 1801 State Senate, Berkshire County
345. Massachusetts 1801 State Senate, Bristol County
346. Massachusetts 1801 State Senate, Cumberland County
347. Massachusetts 1801 State Senate, Dukes, Nantucket, and Plymouth Counties
348. Massachusetts 1801 State Senate, Essex County
349. Massachusetts 1801 State Senate, Hancock, Kennebec, Lincoln and Washington Counties
350. Massachusetts 1801 State Senate, Middlesex County
351. Massachusetts 1801 State Senate, Norfolk County
352. Massachusetts 1801 State Senate, Suffolk County
353. Massachusetts 1801 State Senate, Worcester County
354. Massachusetts 1801 State Senate, York County
355. New Hampshire 1801 Governor
356. New Jersey 1801 Assembly, Bergen County
357. New Jersey 1801 Assembly, Burlington County
358. New Jersey 1801 Assembly, Cumberland County
359. New Jersey 1801 Assembly, Essex County
360. New Jersey 1801 Assembly, Gloucester County
361. New Jersey 1801 Assembly, Hunterdon County
362. New Jersey 1801 Assembly, Middlesex County
363. New Jersey 1801 Assembly, Monmouth County
364. New Jersey 1801 Assembly, Somerset County
365. New Jersey 1801 Assembly, Sussex County
366. New Jersey 1801 Legislative Council, Bergen County
367. New Jersey 1801 Legislative Council, Cumberland County
368. New Jersey 1801 Legislative Council, Essex County
369. New Jersey 1801 Legislative Council, Gloucester County
370. New Jersey 1801 Legislative Council, Hunterdon County
371. New Jersey 1801 Legislative Council, Middlesex County
372. New Jersey 1801 Legislative Council, Monmouth County
373. New Jersey 1801 Legislative Council, Somerset County
374. New Jersey 1801 Legislative Council, Sussex County
375. New York 1801 Assembly, Albany County
376. New York 1801 Assembly, Columbia County
377. New York 1801 Assembly, Dutchess County
378. New York 1801 Assembly, Herkimer County
379. New York 1801 Assembly, Montgomery County
380. New York 1801 Assembly, Otsego County
381. New York 1801 Assembly, Queens County
382. New York 1801 Assembly, Rensselaer County
383. New York 1801 Assembly, Ulster County
384. New York 1801 Convention, Columbia County
385. New York 1801 Convention, Dutchess County
386. New York 1801 Convention, Oneida County
387. New York 1801 Convention, Ontario and Steuben Counties
388. New York 1801 Convention, Otsego County
389. New York 1801 Convention, Queens County
390. New York 1801 Convention, Tioga County
391. New York 1801 Convention, Washington County
392. New York 1801 Governor
393. New York 1801 Lieutenant Governor
394. New York 1801 State Senate, Eastern District
395. New York 1801 State Senate, Middle District
396. New York 1801 State Senate, Southern District
397. New York 1801 State Senate, Western District
398. North Carolina 1801 House of Commons, Wake County
399. North Carolina 1801 State Senate, Wake County
400. Pennsylvania 1801 House of Representatives, Adams County
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Republican
What is today referred to as the Democratic Republican Party did not exist as such under that name.
"The party name which the Jeffersonians used most commonly in self-designation was Republican. Since nearly all Americans professed to be supporters of a republic, Federalists were reluctant to allow their opponents the advantage of this name, preferring to label them as Antifederalists, Jacobins, disorganizers, or, at best, Democrats." (Noble E. Cunningham, Jr., History of U.S. Political Parties Volume I: 1789-1860: From Factions to Parties. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed. New York, 1973, Chelsea House Publisher. p. 240.)
"No precise date can be given for the establishment of the Republican party, for it did not spring suddenly into being, and even those leaders most intimately involved in its formation were not fully aware of what they were creating. The beginnings of what in course of time became the Republican party can be found in the Second Congress in the congressional faction that contemporaries referred to as the 'republican interest.' . . . An examination of roll calls during the Second Congress indicates that a voting bloc was forming around Madison in opposition to another bloc that united in support of Hamilton's program. While only about half of the membership of the House could be identified with one or the other of these factions, two such groups had not been observable in the First Congress." (Cunningham, p. 241)
"As members of Congress defended their legislative records and sought reelection, they took to the electorate the issues and the disputes that had divided Congress, and they tended in their campaigns for reelection to impart to the voters something of the partisanship that was developing in Congress. Thus, the party divisions in Congress filtered down to the voters through the electoral process, and voters came to align along the lines that divisions in Congress had marked out. In this process the congressional factions acquired the mass followings in the county necessary to transform them from capital factions into national political parties." (Cunningham, p. 244)
Though Thomas Jefferson was seen as the primary leader of the emerging Republican Party, his retirement in 1793 would force that mantle back upon James Madison. "Contemporaries referred to 'Madison's party,' and, when Jefferson was put forward for the presidency in 1796, he was recognized as the candidate of Madison's party. Adams's supporters warned that 'the measures of Madison and Gallatin will be the measures of the executive' if Jefferson were elected. Under Madison's leadership, the Republican party in Congress moved from a role characterized largely by opposition to administration measures, mostly Hamiltonian inspired, to one of offering policy alternatives and proposing Republican programs." (Cunningham, p. 246)
"As the country became dangerously polarized, the Federalists, in 1798 with the passage of the Alien and Sedition Laws, used the full power of the government in an effort to destroy their opponents, whom they saw as subversive. The Republicans, forced to do battle for their very survival, were compelled to change their strategy radically. Prior to 1798 they had optimistically believed that the people would repudiate leaders who supported antirepublican measures hostile to the general good of society. By 1798, however, the Federalists' electoral successes and their hold on the federal government seemed to belie that belief. Therefore, the Republicans shifted their focus of attention from the national to the state level. And by emphasizing a more overtly, self-consciously sectional, political enclave strategy, they left the clear implication that state secession and the breakup of the union might follow if the federal government refused to modify its policies and actions to make them more acceptable to opponents, especially Southerners." (American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis. James Roger Sharp. New Haven, 1993, Yale University Press. p. 12)
"On the national level, Republican members of Congress through their informal associations in the national capital formed the basic national party structure. Many of them lodged together in boarding houses or dined together in small groups where there were ample opportunities to plot party tactics. They kept in close touch with political leaders and party organizations in their home states. In 1800, Republican members introduced what was to become the most important element of national party machinery and the most powerful device for the maintenance of congressional influence of the leadership of the party: the congressional nominating caucus." (Cunningham, p. 252)
"The coming to power of the Jeffersonians in 1801 marked the beginning of the Republican era that saw the presidency passed from Jefferson to Madison to Monroe. When the Virginia dynasty came to an end in 1825, the presidential office went to a former Federalist who had become a Republican while Jefferson was president. But, although John Quincy Adams was a Republican, the presidential election of 1824 shattered the Republican party and destroyed the congressional nominating caucus which had given direction to the party's national structure since 1800. Adams's presidency was a period of restructuring of parties - a transitional period from the first party system of the Federalists and the Jeffersonians to the second party system of the age of Jackson." (Cunningham, p. 258-259).
"During the period from its rise in the 1790's to its breakup in the 1820's, the Jeffersonian Republican party made contributions of major significance to the development of the american political system. It demonstrated that a political party could be successfully organized in opposition to an administration in power in the national government, win control over that government, and produce orderly changes through the party process. In challenging the Federalist power, Republicans were innovative in building party machinery, organizing poltical campaigns, employing a party press, and devising campaign techniques to stimulate voter interest in elections and support of republican candidates at the polls. In the process, it became acceptable for candidates to campaign for office and for their partisans to organize campaign committees, distribute campaign literature, see that voters get to the polls, and adopt other practices which, though subsequently familiar features of american political campaigns, previously had been widely regarded with suspicion and distrust. Many of the methods of campaigning and the techniques of party organization, introduced by the Jeffersonian Republicans, while falling into disuse by the end of the Republican era, would be revived by the Jacksonians. In taking office in 1801, the Jeffersonians led the nation through the first transfer of political power in the national government from one party to another; and Jefferson demonstrated that the president could be both the head of his party and the leader of the nation." (Cunningham, p. 271)
Additional Sources:
- History of U.S. Political Parties Volume I: 1789-1860: From Factions to Parties. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed. New York, 1973, Chelsea House Publisher.
- American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis. James Roger Sharp. New Haven, 1993, Yale University Press.
- Partisanship and the Birth of America's Second Party, 1796-1800: "Stop the Wheels of Government". Matthew Q. Dawson. Westwood, CT, 2000, Greenwood Press.
- Party of the People: A History of the Democrats. Jules Witcover. New York, 2003, Random House
Beginning in 1799, many Federalist papers began to refer to the Republican Party as Democrats or the Democratic Party. This continued throughout the first quarter of the 18th Century until what is currently known as the Democratic Party emerged among the followers of Andrew Jackson in the 1828 Presidential Election.
Republicans were also called by a variety of different terms in various newspapers throughout the period:
Anti-Federalist:
Though the Anti-Federalists were not quite the exact same group as the Republicans as they would develop after 1792, there were still some of those who referred to them as such. The term was used by the following newspapers in the following elections:
- Porcupine's Gazette (Philadelphia). October 22, 1798. Pennsylvania 1798 Assembly, Chester County.
- Virginia Gazette (Richmond). April 30, 1799. Virginia 1799 House of Delegates, New Kent County.
- The Virginia Federalist (Richmond). April 26, 1800. Virginia 1800 House of Delegates, Norfolk County.
- Virginia Gazette (Richmond). May 12, 1802. Virginia 1802 House of Delegates, Bedford County.
- Virginia Gazette (Richmond). May 12, 1802. Virginia 1802 House of Delegates, Pittsylvania County.
- The Salem Gazette. May 17, 1805. Massachusetts 1805 House of Representatives, Salem.
Democratic Republican:
Though the term is commonly used today to distinguish the Jeffersonian Republicans from the later Republican Party and because so many of those among the Jeffersonian Republicans eventually became Jacksonian Democrats, this term was extremely rare during the actual period. It was used by the Readinger Adler in the October 27, 1818 edition recording the 1818 county elections in Pennsylvania.
French / War / Warhawk / Jacobin:
Starting in 1798, various Federalist newspapers would refer to Republicans as Jacobins. ("In Newbern district the contest lay between two federalists -- No Jacobin had the effrontery to offer himself." United States Gazette. September 1, 1798.) These references continued through until at least 1810. ("From the Cooperstown Federalist: The election in this County has terminated in favor of the Jacobin Ticket for Assembly. An important revolution has been effected by the most shameful artifices. Never before were the jacobin ranks so completely formed and thoroughly drilled for action. We hope next week to be able to lay before our readers a correct statement of votes, and to exhibit to the world a picture of depravity in the conduct of some of the inspectors of the election which has no parallel." The American (Herkimer). May 3, 1810.)
Beginning in 1810, the Newburyport Herald (MA), began referring to Republicans as the French Party (as opposed to the "American" Party, who were Federalists). This continued in the 1811 elections.
Beginning in 1812 ("In laying before our readers the above Canvass of this county, a few remarks become necessary, to refute the Assertion of the war party, that the Friends of Peace are decreasing in this country." Northern Whig (Hudson). May 11, 1812.) and continuing through 1813 and 1814 a number of newspapers were referring to the Republicans as the War Party (or Warhawk Party, as the Merrimack Intelligencer (Haverhill) of March 19, 1814 used) due to their support of the Madison administration and the War of 1812 (most of these same papers referred to the Federalists as the Peace Party). These newspapers include the Trenton Federalist, the Columbian Centinel (Boston), the Northern Whig (Hudson), the Independent American (Ballston Spa), the Broome County Patriot (Chenango Point), the New York Spectator, the Commercial Advertiser (New York), the New York Evening Post, the Albany Gazette, the Political and Commercial Register (Philadelphia), the Merrimack Intelligencer (Haverhill), The Federal Republican (New Bern), the Freeman's Journal (Philadelphia), Alexandria Gazette, Poulson's, Middlesex Gazette (Middletown), the Raleigh Minerva and The Star (Raleigh).
Jackson / Jacksonian:
With the Presidential election of 1824 split among four candidates who were, ostensibly, members of the same political party, the divisions among the Republican Party began to be apparent.
The phrase "Jackson" or "Jacksonian" candidate was used in nearly every state election in Georgia in 1824 to distinguish between those were were supporters of Andrew Jackson as opposed to the supporters of William H. Crawford. The Maryland Republican (Annapolis) and the Federal Gazette (Baltimore) used the term "Jacksonian" in the Cecil County elections of 1824 (as opposed to "Adamite" or "Crawfordite") and the Allegheny and Butler county election in Pennsylvania in 1824.
Whig:
The New Hampshire Gazette of March 5, 1816 would refer to the Republican ticket as the Whig Ticket and as being in favor of Peace and Commerce.