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2. Georgia 1810 State Senate, Camden County
3. Georgia 1788 Coroner, Camden County
4. Georgia 1788 Clerk, Chatham County
5. Georgia 1811 House of Representatives, Chatham County
6. Georgia 1820 House of Representatives, Chatham County
7. Georgia 1787 Constitutional Convention, Chatham County
8. Georgia 1812 U.S. House of Representatives
9. Georgia 1824 House of Representatives, Bibb County
10. Georgia 1801 House of Representatives, Hancock County
11. Georgia 1796 House of Representatives, Burke County
12. Georgia 1824 Senate President
13. Georgia 1824 House of Representatives, McIntosh County
14. Georgia 1804 Attorney General, Eastern District
15. Georgia 1816 Major General, 3rd Division, Ballot 5
16. Georgia 1788 House of Representatives, Chatham County
17. Georgia 1824 House of Representatives, Jasper County
18. Georgia 1824 House of Representatives, Columbia County
19. Georgia 1811 House of Representatives, Richmond County
20. Georgia 1804 State Senate, Chatham County
21. Georgia 1813 State Senate, Baldwin County
22. Georgia 1824 Tax Receiver, Chatham County
23. Georgia 1806 State Senate, Richmond County
24. Georgia 1810 House of Representatives, Clark County
25. Georgia 1801 House of Representatives, Burke County
26. Georgia 1822 House of Representatives, McIntosh County
27. Georgia 1812 State Senate, Chatham County
28. Georgia 1799 State Senate, Effingham County
29. Georgia 1824 Clerk of the Inferior Court, Columbia County
30. Georgia 1823 Secretary of State
31. Georgia 1803 U.S. House of Representatives, Special
32. Georgia 1824 Electoral College
33. Georgia 1824 House of Representatives, Jones County
34. Georgia 1809 Governor
35. Georgia 1824 House of Representatives, Hancock County
36. Georgia 1804 State Senate, Hancock County
37. Georgia 1822 State Senate, Wilkes County
38. Georgia 1807 Coroner, Chatham County
39. Georgia 1816 Judge, Western District, Ballot 3
40. Georgia 1811 Sheriff, Baldwin County
41. Georgia 1808 House of Representatives, Richmond County
42. Georgia 1806 U.S. Senate, Special
43. Georgia 1824 State Senate, Putnam County
44. Georgia 1818 State Senate, McIntosh County
45. Georgia 1820 State Senate, Effingham County
46. Georgia 1823 Treasurer
47. Georgia 1818 U.S. Senate, Special, Ballot 4
48. Georgia 1822 House of Representatives, Richmond County
49. Georgia 1812 House of Representatives, Wilkes County
50. Georgia 1806 House of Representatives, Richmond County
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Georgia entered the Union on January 2, 1788, the fourth of the original thirteen colonies to ratify the United States Constitution. The Georgia constitution of 1789 created a bicameral legislature consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives; representatives were elected annually, senators every third year. Although Georgia's early constitutions specified neither the sex nor the race of voters, in practice eligible voters consisted of free men (predominantly whites) at least 21 years old who had paid taxes during the previous year and had resided in the county for at least six months. Each county elected one senator, and counties elected from two to five representatives, depending roughly on relative population. The legislature elected the governor to a two-year term, initially through a cumbersome process but, after a 1795 amendment, through a simple joint ballot of the legislature. Another 1795 amendment made Senate elections annual. All elections were by ballot.
The 1798 constitution (frequently amended but not entirely replaced until 1861) left the basic electoral structure intact. The most important change specified the use of the "three-fifths" or "federal" ratio, which counted three-fifths of the enslaved population in addition to the free white population in apportioning seats in the state House of Representatives. The 1798 document also required regular reapportionment among counties as the population changed. The legislature continued to elect the governor until an amendment in 1824 required direct popular election of the state's chief executive. The first popular election for governor occurred in 1825. In elections for the U.S. Congress, the legislature elected senators by joint ballot, and the state alternated between a district system and a general ticket system for the direct popular election of members of the U.S. House of Representatives.
Early Georgia politics was highly personal and factional. The absence of statewide elections, except for Congress, tended to localize politics and deter the formation of broad, institutionalized parties. The Federalists had some strength through the turn of the century, especially in Savannah and Augusta, but Georgia was largely a Republican state. The major political contests featured clashes among those who claimed to be Jeffersonian Republicans. Outrage over the Yazoo land frauds helped James Jackson dominate state politics for many years until his death in 1806, and William Crawford and George M. Troup then assumed the leadership of the Jackson group. John Clark headed the major rival faction. In broad terms, Jackson-Crawford-Troup adherents tended to have Virginia ties and to be based in the wealthier sections of the eastern black belt and low country. The Clark faction contained more people of North Carolina extraction and found its strongest support in frontier areas. Clark defeated Troup for the governorship in both 1819 and 1821, before Troup bested his rival in 1825. William Crawford was a major presidential contender in 1824. Excitement over these races, indeed, helped push through the amendment calling for popular election of the governor and a law mandating popular election of presidential electors. The most persistent and pressing issue of this early period was the state's efforts to push back the Creek and Cherokee nations and open Native American lands to white settlement. The short-staple cotton boom and the Panic of 1819 fueled economic and land concerns. The election returns presented in this series end just before the Georgia factions began to organize themselves into bona fide political parties that would become the Democratic and Whig parties in the state.
Bibliography
- Carey, Anthony Gene.
Parties, Slavery, and the Union in Antebellum Georgia. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997. - Coleman, Kenneth R., gen. ed.
A History of Georgia, 2nd ed. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1991. - Cook, James F.
The Governors of Georgia, 1754—2004, 3rd ed. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2005. - Carl Vinson Institute of Government, University of Georgia Georgia Constitution Web Page
- Lamplugh, George R.
Politics on the Periphery: Factions and Parties in Georgia, 1783—1806. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1986. - Phillips, Ulrich B.
Georgia and State Rights. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1902.