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302. Georgia 1821 Speaker of the House
303. Georgia 1821 State Senate, Chatham County
304. Georgia 1821 State Senate, Richmond County
305. Georgia 1821 U.S. Senate, Special
306. Georgia 1822 Alderman, Savannah
307. Georgia 1822 House of Representatives, Baldwin County
308. Georgia 1822 House of Representatives, Camden County
309. Georgia 1822 House of Representatives, Chatham County
310. Georgia 1822 House of Representatives, Jefferson County
311. Georgia 1822 House of Representatives, McIntosh County
312. Georgia 1822 House of Representatives, Richmond County
313. Georgia 1822 House of Representatives, Wilkes County
314. Georgia 1822 Senate President
315. Georgia 1822 Speaker of the House
316. Georgia 1822 State Senate, Baldwin County
317. Georgia 1822 State Senate, Camden County
318. Georgia 1822 State Senate, Chatham County
319. Georgia 1822 State Senate, Jefferson County
320. Georgia 1822 State Senate, McIntosh County
321. Georgia 1822 State Senate, Richmond County
322. Georgia 1822 State Senate, Wilkes County
323. Georgia 1822 U.S. House of Representatives
324. Georgia 1823 Alderman, Savannah
325. Georgia 1823 Comptroller General
326. Georgia 1823 Comptroller General, Ballot 2
327. Georgia 1823 Comptroller General, Ballot 3
328. Georgia 1823 Governor
329. Georgia 1823 House of Representatives, Baldwin County
330. Georgia 1823 House of Representatives, Chatham County
331. Georgia 1823 House of Representatives, Richmond County
332. Georgia 1823 Secretary of State
333. Georgia 1823 Secretary of State, Ballot 2
334. Georgia 1823 Secretary of State, Ballot 3
335. Georgia 1823 Secretary of State, Ballot 4
336. Georgia 1823 Speaker of the House
337. Georgia 1823 State Senate, Baldwin County
338. Georgia 1823 State Senate, Chatham County
339. Georgia 1823 State Senate, Richmond County
340. Georgia 1823 Surveyor General
341. Georgia 1823 Surveyor General, Ballot 2
342. Georgia 1823 Surveyor General, Ballot 3
343. Georgia 1823 Treasurer
344. Georgia 1824 Alderman, Savannah
345. Georgia 1824 Clerk of the Court, Chatham County
346. Georgia 1824 Clerk of the House of Representatives
347. Georgia 1824 Clerk of the Inferior Court, Columbia County
348. Georgia 1824 Clerk of the Superior Court, Columbia County
349. Georgia 1824 Coroner, Chatham County
350. Georgia 1824 Coroner, Columbia County
351. Georgia 1824 Electoral College
352. Georgia 1824 House of Representatives, Baldwin County
353. Georgia 1824 House of Representatives, Bibb County
354. Georgia 1824 House of Representatives, Bryan County
355. Georgia 1824 House of Representatives, Burke County
356. Georgia 1824 House of Representatives, Camden County
357. Georgia 1824 House of Representatives, Chatham County
358. Georgia 1824 House of Representatives, Clark County
359. Georgia 1824 House of Representatives, Columbia County
360. Georgia 1824 House of Representatives, Crawford County
361. Georgia 1824 House of Representatives, Early County
362. Georgia 1824 House of Representatives, Hancock County
363. Georgia 1824 House of Representatives, Jackson County
364. Georgia 1824 House of Representatives, Jasper County
365. Georgia 1824 House of Representatives, Jefferson County
366. Georgia 1824 House of Representatives, Jones County
367. Georgia 1824 House of Representatives, Liberty County
368. Georgia 1824 House of Representatives, Lincoln County
369. Georgia 1824 House of Representatives, McIntosh County
370. Georgia 1824 House of Representatives, Monroe County
371. Georgia 1824 House of Representatives, Morgan County
372. Georgia 1824 House of Representatives, Newton County
373. Georgia 1824 House of Representatives, Oglethorpe County
374. Georgia 1824 House of Representatives, Putnam County
375. Georgia 1824 House of Representatives, Richmond County
376. Georgia 1824 House of Representatives, Scriven County
377. Georgia 1824 House of Representatives, Twiggs County
378. Georgia 1824 House of Representatives, Walton County
379. Georgia 1824 House of Representatives, Washington County
380. Georgia 1824 House of Representatives, Wayne County
381. Georgia 1824 House of Representatives, Wilkes County
382. Georgia 1824 House of Representatives, Wilkinson County
383. Georgia 1824 Secretary of the Senate
384. Georgia 1824 Senate President
385. Georgia 1824 Senate President, Ballot 2
386. Georgia 1824 Sheriff, Chatham County
387. Georgia 1824 Sheriff, Columbia County
388. Georgia 1824 Speaker of the House
389. Georgia 1824 State Senate, Baldwin County
390. Georgia 1824 State Senate, Bibb County
391. Georgia 1824 State Senate, Bryan County
392. Georgia 1824 State Senate, Burke County
393. Georgia 1824 State Senate, Camden County
394. Georgia 1824 State Senate, Chatham County
395. Georgia 1824 State Senate, Clark County
396. Georgia 1824 State Senate, Columbia County
397. Georgia 1824 State Senate, Crawford County
398. Georgia 1824 State Senate, Early County
399. Georgia 1824 State Senate, Hancock County
400. Georgia 1824 State Senate, Jackson County
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Georgia entered the Union on January 2, 1788, the fourth of the original thirteen colonies to ratify the United States Constitution. The Georgia constitution of 1789 created a bicameral legislature consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives; representatives were elected annually, senators every third year. Although Georgia's early constitutions specified neither the sex nor the race of voters, in practice eligible voters consisted of free men (predominantly whites) at least 21 years old who had paid taxes during the previous year and had resided in the county for at least six months. Each county elected one senator, and counties elected from two to five representatives, depending roughly on relative population. The legislature elected the governor to a two-year term, initially through a cumbersome process but, after a 1795 amendment, through a simple joint ballot of the legislature. Another 1795 amendment made Senate elections annual. All elections were by ballot.
The 1798 constitution (frequently amended but not entirely replaced until 1861) left the basic electoral structure intact. The most important change specified the use of the "three-fifths" or "federal" ratio, which counted three-fifths of the enslaved population in addition to the free white population in apportioning seats in the state House of Representatives. The 1798 document also required regular reapportionment among counties as the population changed. The legislature continued to elect the governor until an amendment in 1824 required direct popular election of the state's chief executive. The first popular election for governor occurred in 1825. In elections for the U.S. Congress, the legislature elected senators by joint ballot, and the state alternated between a district system and a general ticket system for the direct popular election of members of the U.S. House of Representatives.
Early Georgia politics was highly personal and factional. The absence of statewide elections, except for Congress, tended to localize politics and deter the formation of broad, institutionalized parties. The Federalists had some strength through the turn of the century, especially in Savannah and Augusta, but Georgia was largely a Republican state. The major political contests featured clashes among those who claimed to be Jeffersonian Republicans. Outrage over the Yazoo land frauds helped James Jackson dominate state politics for many years until his death in 1806, and William Crawford and George M. Troup then assumed the leadership of the Jackson group. John Clark headed the major rival faction. In broad terms, Jackson-Crawford-Troup adherents tended to have Virginia ties and to be based in the wealthier sections of the eastern black belt and low country. The Clark faction contained more people of North Carolina extraction and found its strongest support in frontier areas. Clark defeated Troup for the governorship in both 1819 and 1821, before Troup bested his rival in 1825. William Crawford was a major presidential contender in 1824. Excitement over these races, indeed, helped push through the amendment calling for popular election of the governor and a law mandating popular election of presidential electors. The most persistent and pressing issue of this early period was the state's efforts to push back the Creek and Cherokee nations and open Native American lands to white settlement. The short-staple cotton boom and the Panic of 1819 fueled economic and land concerns. The election returns presented in this series end just before the Georgia factions began to organize themselves into bona fide political parties that would become the Democratic and Whig parties in the state.
Bibliography
- Carey, Anthony Gene.
Parties, Slavery, and the Union in Antebellum Georgia. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997. - Coleman, Kenneth R., gen. ed.
A History of Georgia, 2nd ed. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1991. - Cook, James F.
The Governors of Georgia, 1754—2004, 3rd ed. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2005. - Carl Vinson Institute of Government, University of Georgia Georgia Constitution Web Page
- Lamplugh, George R.
Politics on the Periphery: Factions and Parties in Georgia, 1783—1806. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1986. - Phillips, Ulrich B.
Georgia and State Rights. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1902.